[dthp 01

md;id fd;dpkhpahs; ,iwtdpd; jha;

tUlj;jpd; Kjy; ehshd ,d;W> cyfk; - mikjpapd; ehshf nfhd;lhLk; ,e;ehis jha; jpUr;rigahdJ ,e;ehis "Gdpj fd;dpkhpahs; Njtdpd; jha;" vd;W vOr;rpAld; nfhz;lhLfpwJ. 5Mk; E}w;whd;by; ne];Nlhpa]pd; jtuhd fUj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpath;fs;> khpah ,NaRtpd; jha;jhd;> ,iwtdpd; jha; my;ys; vd;W $wpe;jhh;fs;. ,jid kWj;Jf; fistjw;fhf fp.gp. 431,y; $l;lg;gl;l vNgR efh; nghJr;rq;fk; Theotokos vd;w fpnuf;fr; nrhy;iyg; gad;gLj;jp khpah ,iwtdpd; jha; vd;W tiuaWj;Jf; $wpaJ.1953 Mk; Mz;L Gulgens Corona vd;w Rw;Wklypy; jpUj;je;ij 12 Mk; gj;jpehjh; "khpah ,iwtdpd; jha;" vd;gjhy; kl;LNk ,iwtd; ,tiu vy;yhtpjkhd trq;fshYk;> mUshrpuhYk; mzpnra;aj; jpUTskhdhh; vd;fpwhh;.

"Gdpj fd;dpkhpahs; cz;ikahfNt ek; jha;. ek; Md;khtpd; md;id. ek; kPl;gpd; md;id. Vnddpy; ,NaRit ekf;F nfhLj;jNjhL cz;ikahd tho;it ekf;Fj; je;jhs;. fy;thhpapy; ek; kPl;Gf;fhf jd; kfidj; je;J mUs; tho;Tf;F ek;ikf; nfhz;L Nrh;j;jhs;" vd;W Gdpj ypNfhhpahh; $Wfpwhh;. epidg;gJ ey;yJ. "Mz;ltNu tPl;ilf; fl;bdhnyhopa mijf; mijf; fl;Lgth;fspd; ciog;ngy;yhk; tPNz. Mz;ltNu efiuf; fhj;jhnyhopa mijf; fhg;gtd; tpopg;ngy;yhk; tPNz" (rq;.) ,iwtdJ jaitg; ngw Ntz;Lkhdhy; ghtj;ij tpyf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghtj;ij tpyf;f rpwe;j topfspy; xd;W mDjpd Mj;Jk NrhjidahFk;. ,e;j Mz;by; ,utpy; Mj;Jk Nrhjid nra;ahky; epj;jpiuf;Fr; nry;ykhl;Nld; vd;W cWjp nra;. "khpahNa> vd; khjhNt> ehd; ghtj;jpy; tpohky; vd;idf; fhg;ghw;Wk;" vd;W fhiyapYk;> khiypYk; %d;W Kiw nrhy;yp %d;W Kiw nrhy;y jpl;kpL.

rpe;jid: caph; thoTk; ed;ik nra;aTk; ,g;Gj;jhz;ilj; je;jjw;fhf ,iwtDf;F ed;wp nrhy;Nthk;. xt;nthU ehSk; fhiyapy; vOe;jJk; ,d;dpd;d ed;ikfs; nra;Ntd; vd jpl;lkpLNthk;. mtw;iwr; nra;Njdh vd;W ,utpy; epidj;Jg;ghh;g;Nghk;.

nrgk;: khpahtpd; khrw;w ,UjaNk> ,e;j Mz;by; vd;idAk; vd;idr; rhh;e;jth;fisAk; ck;kplk; xg;gilf;fpNwd;.

[dthp 2

Gdpj grpypA];

,th; ,iltplhJ cioj;J te;jhh;. kf;fSf;F xt;nthU ehSk; fhiyapYk; khiyapYk; kiwAiufs; epfo;j;Jthh;. cz;ikia gakpd;wp vLj;Jiug;ghh;. ViofSf;F vuhskhf cjtp nra;thh;. mth;fSf;fhf xU kUj;Jtkidia epWtpdhh;. fpwp];Jehjh; flTs; my;y > ghpRj;j Mtp flTs; my;y vd;W gz;zpdhh;fs;. ,th; gy Vkhw;wq;fis mile;jhh;. midj;ijAk; nghWikAld; rfpj;jhh;.

Gdpj erpahd;]; fpuNfhhpahh; (325 - 389)

,tUila je;ijAk; jhAk; Gdpjuhf te;jpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. jho;r;rp epiwe;j ,th; FUg;gl;lk; ngw tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,th; gpd;dh; Mauhf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tuJ jho;r;rp>jt Kaw;rpfs;> vspa tho;T ,tw;iwf; fz;l vjphpfs; ,tiu Vsdk; nra;jhh;fs;. ,th; vq;Fk; ntw;wp ngWtijf; fz;l ez;gh;fs; ,th; kPJ nghwhik nfhz;lhh;fs;. vdNt ,th; jk; gjtpia tpl;L tpyfpdh;. "ek; vjphpfs; jq;fs; Mrphpah; ahnud;W jq;fs; elj;ijahy; fhl;Lfpwhh;fs;. ehNkh ,NaRit ek; Mrphpah; vd;W ek; elj;ijahy; fhl;LNthkhf" vd;W ,th; mbf;fb $Wthh;.

rpe;jid @ fpwp];J ehjh; flTs; vd;gij vy;NyhUk; mq;fpfhpf;Fk; gb nrgpg;Nghk;. ehk; thOk; tpjj;jhy; ehk; mthpd; rPlh;fs; vd;W vd;gpg;Nghk;.

nrgk; @ ,NaRNt> fpwp];jth;fs; midtUk; ck;ikg; Nghy; jho;r;rpAk;> rhe;jKk; cs;sth;fshf ,Uf;f tuk; jhUk;.

[dthp 3

Gdpj n[dtPt; (423 - 511)

,ts; xUKiw NfhtpYf;Fg; Nghtjw;F jd; jhaplk; mDkjp Nfl;lhs;. jhNah ,tisg; gykhff; fd;dj;jpy; miwe;jhs;. jhiaf; flTs; jz;bj;jhh;. mtspd; fz; FUlhdJ. ,Uthuq;fSf;Fg; gpd; rpWkp jd; jhiar; Rfg;gLj;jpdhs;. Neha; ,tis thl;baJ. ,ij ,ts; tPuj;Jld; rfpj;J NtW gy jtf; fpUj;jpaq;fisAk; nra;jhs;. ,tSila v[khdp ,tisf; F&ukhf elj;jpdhs;. ,tsplkpUe;J eykile;jth;fs; rpyh; ,ts;Nky; mghz;lq;fisr; Rkj;jpdh;. midj;ijAk; ,ts; nghWikAld; rfpj;jhs;. ,ts; vg;nghOJk; flTSld; xd;wpj;J tho;e;jhs;. vy;yhk; ,tSf;F flTis epidT+l;baJ. rpiwr;rhiyfs;> kUj;Jtkidfis Viofspd; Fbirfis ,ts; re;jpj;jhs;. JaUw;Nwhiuj; Njw;wpdhs;. ghtpfisAk;> mtpRthrpfisAk; kde;jpUg;gpdhs;.

rpe;jid@ capUs;s> capuw;w nghUl;fis ehk; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ mitfis cz;lhf;fpa flTis epidg;Nghkhf.

nrgk; @ ,NaRNt> ck;ik ehq;fs; midthplKk; midj;jpYk; fhZk; tuk; jhUk;.

[dthp 4

Gdpj fpuNfhhpahh; (- 541)

,tUila kidtp ,we;j gpd;> jk;ik mh;r;rpg;gjpYk; gpwiu mh;r;rpg;gjpYk; ,th;jk; tho;ehis nrytopj;jhh;. tpUg;gkpd;wp Mah; gjtp Vw;whh;. jk; nghWg;gpy; tplg;gl;lth;fSf;F rpwe;j Nky;thpr; rl;lkhf tho;e;jhh;. ,utpYk; neLNeuk; tpopj;jpUe;J flTSld; NgRthh;> ghtj;jpy; tho;e;j fpwp];jth;fis ey;yth;fshf ,th; Mh;tj;Jld; Kad;W te;jhh;. mtpRthrpfis kde;jpUg;g nghpJk; gpuahirg;gLthh;.

rpe;jid @ eph;g;ghf;fpa ghtpfs; ghtj;jpd; Njh\j;ijf; fz;Lzh;e;J flTsplk; jpUk;gptu ek;khyhd Kd;khjphpiar; nra;Nthk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu ehq;fs; nrgj;jhYk; ghpj;jpahfq;fshYk; ghtpfis kde;jpUg;g Jiz GhpAk;.

[dthp 5

Gdpj rpkpNahd; (388 - 459)

,th; tho;tpy; filrp ,UgJ Mz;Lfis> cah;e;j J}z;kPJ mkh;e;J nrytopj;jhh;. ,tuJ jt Kaw;r;rpfs; cz;ikahfNt rhjuz kdpjdpd; gyj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;lit. Gj;jpf;F xt;thjitahff; fhzg;gl;ld. vd;whYk; ,th; J}ath; vd;w nra;jp ehnlq;Fk; gutpaJ. gyh; ,tiug;Nghy; thoj; njhlq;fpdh;. ,th; vg;nghOJk; nghpath;fSf;F clNd fPo;g;gbthh;. jdJ 69 - Mk; tajpy; ,we;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ Md;kPf tho;T tho;tjw;fhd gyj;ij jtKaw;rpfspd; %yk; mila gpuahirg;gLNthkhf.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; midj;jpYk; ckf;Fk; nghpath;fSf;Fk; fPo;gbAk; tuk; jhUk;.

[dthp 6

jpUf;fhl;rp tpoh

muhgpah> fhy;Njah my;yJ ghurPfk; ,e;j ehLfspypUe;J Qhdpfs; te;jpUf;fyhk;. f];ghh;> nky;f;fpNahh;> gy;j;jrhh; vd;gJ mth;fsJ ngah;fs; vd guk;giu $WfpwJ. " ahf;NfhgpypUe;J xU tpz;kPd; cjpf;fk;" vd;Dk; ,iwthf;Fk;> ghgpNyhdpahtpy; ,iwthf;fpdh; jhdpNay; ciuj;j ,iwthf;Fk; fpof;fj;jpa ehLfspy; gutpapUe;jJ. Gjpa tpz;kPd; fPo;j;jpirapy; Njhd;wpaJk; nkrpah gpwe;J tpl;lhh; vd Qhdpfs; mwpe;J> clNd Gwg;gl;ldh;. tpz;kPidg; gpd;nrd;W mth;fs; ngj;jyNfik mile;jhh;fs;. "tPl;bw;Fs;; Ngha;> gps;isia mjd; jha; khpahSld; fz;L njhz;ldpl;L tzq;fpdh;. jk; Ngiofisj; jpwe;J nghd;Dk;> J}gKk;> nts;isg;NghsKk; mtUf;Ff; fhzpf;ifahfr; nrYj;jpdh;" (kj;2@11) gyh; tpz;kPidf; fz;ldh;. ek; Qhdpaf; kl;Lk; tug;gpurhj; VTjYf;Ff; fPo;gbe;J> ,ilA+Wfisg; nghUl;gLj;jhky; Gwg;gl;Lg; Ngha; xg;gw;w rd;khdk; mile;jdh;. flTsJ miog;gpd; FuYf;F mth;fs; clNd fPo;g;gbe;J> ,ilA+Wfisg; nghWl;gLj;jhky; Gwg;gl;Lg; Ngha; xg;gw;w rd;khdk; mile;jdh;. flTsJ miog;gpd; FuYf;F mth;fs; clNd fPo;g;gbe;jdh;. jq;fs; ehL jpUg;gpaJk; jhq;fs; fz;L tzq;fpa cyf ,ul;rfiug; gw;wp mth;fs; epr;rakhf gpwUf;F mwptpj;jpUg;ghh;fs;.

Gdpj nkyhdpA];

Gdpj nkyhdpA]; gphpl;ldp ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;. ,isQuhapUf;Fk; nghONj> ,iwtd; ,tiu jkJ Nritf;Fmioj;jhh;. miog;gpd; FuYf;F ,th; gzpe;J xU re;epahr klj;jpy; Nrh;e;J Jwtpahdhh;. gy Mz;Lfshf Mh;tj;Jld; ,iwtDf;F Nrit nra;jhh;. nud; efhpd; Mauhd Gdpj fh;khe;J]; ,we;jJk;> mth; jq;fs; Mauhf Ntz;Lk; vd;W FUf;fSk; nghJepiyapdUk; ,tiu tpUk;gp mioj;jdh;. Mauhd gpd;Dk; ,th; kpFe;j jho;r;rpAld; ,iwkf;fis Gz;zpa ghijapy; elj;jp te;jhh;. tplhky; nrgpg;ghh;. ,we;j xUtDf;F ,th; caph; nfhLj;jhh;. NtW gy GJikfisAk; nra;jhh;. nud; kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; tpf;fpuf MuhjidahdJ ,tuJ ngUKaw;rpahy; xope;jJ. ,th; re;epahr klj;jpy; gpwe;J tsh;e;J 490-Mk; Mz;by; ,we;jhh;.

nud; efhpy; ,tiu kpfr; rpwg;ghf mlf;fk; nra;jhh;fs;. ngUq;$l;lkhf kf;fs; te;jdh;. midtUk; fz;zPh; tbj;Jg; Gyk;gpdhh;fs;. Vnddpy; midtUk; ,tiu Nerpj;jdh;.

rpe;jid @ JwtpfSf;F khj;jpuky;y> Mdhy; vy;Nyhh;f;FNk jho;r;rpAk; nrgtho;Tk; Njit. ,it ,uz;Lk; ,iwtdJ nfhilfshFk;. ,tw;iwf; Nfl;L ehk; mbf;fb kd;whl Ntz;Lk;.

jpUg;gypapy; jpt;tpa ed;ikapy; ,NaRitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ehk; ekJ tho;thy; mtiu gpwUf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ ,jaj;jpy; jho;r;rpAk; rhe;jKKs;s ,NaRNt> vdJ ,jak; ck; ,jaj;ij xj;jpUf;fr; nra;jUSk;.

Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; vd;Wk; ckJ VTjYf;Ff; fPo;gbe;J elg;gjw;fhd kd typikiaj; jhUk;.

[dthp 7

Gdpj NuKe;J (1175 - 1275)

,th; Mrphpa Ntiyf;Fr; rk;gsk; thq;f kWj;jhh;. khzth;fSf;F cz;ikahd Mh;tj;Jld; Nghjpj;jhh;. mth;fsJ Gj;jpia khj;jpuky;y> Mdhy; cs;sq;fisAk; ey;topapy; cUthf;f Kad;W te;jhh;. kf;fis rhj;jhdplkpUe;Jk; kfkjpahhplkpUe;Jk; kPl;Fk;gb xU rigia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

rpe;jid @ ek; ehl;Lf;F rpwe;j Mrphpah;fisj; jUk;gb ,iwtid kd;whLNthkhf. mth;fs; khzthpd; Md;k eyidAk; kdjpy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> vq;fs; ehl;Lf;Fr; rpwe;j Mrphpah;fisj; jhUk;.

[dthp 8

Gdpj mg;nghypdhhp]; (-175)

,th; ,uhZtj;jpy; Nrh;e;jhh;. murd; ,d;ndhU ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;whd;. rz;ilapd; NghJ Fbf;f jz;zPh; fpilf;ftpy;iy. tPuh;fs; jhfj;jhy; Nrhh;e;J tpOe;jhh;fs;. mr;rkaj;jpy; ,th; jk; fpwp];jt tPuh;fSld; Koe;jhl;gbapl;L flTspd; ,uf;fj;ijf; nfQ;rp kd;whbdhh;. jpBnud;W fdj;j kio nga;jJ. kioAk; GaYk; ,th;fSf;F cjtp nra;jjhy; ,th;fs; vjphpfis vspjpy; Kwpabj;jhh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ nrgj;jpdhy; khj;jpuky;y> Mdhy; jt Kaw;rpfshYk; flTspd; ,uf;fj;ijf; nfQ;rp kd;whLNthkhf.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> vq;fs; ehl;bd; ght mf;fpukq;fisf; fhzhky; Nghjpa kioia vq;fSf;Fj; je;J vq;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wk;.

[dthp 9

Gdpj [Pypad; (- 313)

,tUila kidtpapd; ngah; Gdpj grpyp];]h. ,th;fs; ,UtUk; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;Nj tpuj;jkhf tho;e;J te;jdh;. Mj;Jk> rhPu> gpwh; rpNef nray;fspy; <Lgl;L Vuhskhf ed;ik nra;J te;jhh;fs;. jq;fs; ,y;yj;ij ,th;fs; kUj;Jtkidahf khw;wpdhh;fs;. Mz; Nehahspfis [PypaDk;> ngz; Nehahspfis kidtpAk; guhkhpj;J te;jhh;fs;. fztDk; kidtpAk; Ntjj;jpw;fhff; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ Nehahspfspd; Md;k eyidf; ftdpf;ff; $ba kUj;Jth;fis ek; ehl;Lf;Fj; ju ,iwtid kd;whLNthk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Viofs; kPJk; Nehahspfs; kPJk; mDjhgj;ij vy;yh kf;fspd; cs;sq;fspYk; vOg;GtPuhf.

[dthp 10

Gdpj tpy;ypak; (-1209)

,sk; tajpNyNa cyfpd; tPz; kfpik ngUikfis ,th; epe;jpf;fg; gyfpdhh;. cyfj;ijj; Jwe;J xU rigapy; Nrh;e;J fd;dpahrphpahdhh;. rigapy; FUf;fSf;Fk; Jizr; rNfhjuh;fSf;Fkpilapy; ngUk; gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. ,th; rigia tpl;L tpyfp NtW rigapy; Nrh;e;jhh;. gPlj;jpd; mbapy; ,th; mjpf Neuk; nrytopg;ghh;. ghg;ghdtUf;Fk; rigapd; mjpgUf;Fk; fPo;g;gbe;J G+h;nf]; efhpd; Mah; gjtpia Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. vd;whYk; Kd;Nghy; jt tho;T elj;jp te;jhh;. vg;nghOJk; kaph;r;rl;il jhpj;jpUe;jhh;. khkpr czit mUe;jkhl;lhh;.

rpe;jid @ jpUr;rigapd; mjpfhhpfs; jpUg;Ngioapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,NaRit ,d;Dk; mjpfkhf gad;gLj;j ,iwtid kd;whLNthk;.

nrgk; @ jpUg;Ngioapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,NaRNt ck;ik kf;fs; ed;F gad;gLj;Jk; tuk; jhUk;.

[dthp 11

Gdpj nyahe;jh; (-596)

,th; rpWtdhf ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ Gdpj MrPh;thjg;gh; rig klj;jpy; Nrh;e;jhh;. mq;F mNef Mz;Lfs; tho;e;jhh;. Gdpjj;jpy; Xh; cah;e;j epiyia mile;jhh;. fy;tp mwpTk; Vuhskhf ngw;wpUe;jhh;. nrtpy; efhpd; Mauhf ,th; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. ];ngapd; ehL me;j rkaj;jpy; md;dpahpd; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jJ. Ml;rp Ghpe;jth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Mhpa gjpj rigiar; Nrh;e;jth;fs;.

ek; Gdpjh; jk; ehl;L kf;fis kdk; jpUg;Gtjpy; jk; KO ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;jpdhh;. murhpd; KO Fkhuuhd vh;nkd[py;l; vd;gtiu kdk; jpUg;gpdhh;. mth; mg;nghOJ nrtpy; efhpy; trpj;J te;jhh;. jd; kfid kdk; jpUg;gpajhy; nyNahtp[py;l; kd;dd; fLk; Nfhgk; nfhz;L ,tiu ehL flj;jpdhd;.mLj;j Mz;by; mtd; jd; kfdhd vh;nkd[py;l; vd;gtiu rhfbj;jhd;. ehsiltpy; ,e;j eph;g;ghf;fpa je;ij ngUk; Jaug;glyhdhd;. Gdpj nyahe;jiu jpUk;g mioj;jhd;. mtDf;F rhG rkPgpj;jpUe;jJ. jd; kfd; nuhf;fhuj;ij mthplk; xg;gilj;J mtid fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpy; Nrh;f;Fk;gb tpUk;gpf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhd;. murNdh fj;Njhypf;f kjj;jpy; Nru mQ;rpdhd;. nuhf;fhuf; fj;Njhypf;fdhf;fp> Mhpa kj Mah;fs; midtiuAk; fj;Njhypf;fuhf;fpaJld; ehl;bd; kf;fs; midtiuAk; kdk; jpUg;gpdhd;.

nrtpy; efhpy; ele;j rq;fj;jpw;F Gdpj nyahe;jh; jiyik tfpj;jhh;. 589-Mk; Mz;by; njhyNlhtpy; ele;j rq;fj;jpw;f;fk; ,th; jiyik tfpj;jhh;. ];ngapd; ehl;by; jpUr;rigapd; eyDf;fhf Mh;tj;Jld; cioj;jgpd; ,th; 27-2-596-y; ,we;jhh;. ];ngapd; ehL ,tUf;F kpf kpf flikg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,tNu me;j ehl;il If;fpag;gLj;jpath;.

rpe;jid @ jpUr;rigapy;> midtUk; ghtpfis kde;jpUg;Gtjpy; Kide;J epw;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ghtpfs; kPJ mDjhgj;ij> fpwp];jt kf;fs; midtuJ cs;sq;fspYk; vOg;GtPuhf.

[dthp 12

Gdpj ngdbf;l; (628-690)

,th; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gpwe;jth;. xU Kiw cNuhikf;F jphpahj;jpiuahfr; nrd;whh;.,uz;lhk; Kiwahf mq;F Ngha; rd;dpahrpahdhh;. ,th; Jwtw tho;it Nkk;gLj;j ,uTk; gfYk; cioj;jhh;. %d;W Mz;Lfshf Nehahy; kpFe;j Ntjidg;gl;lhh;. me;j %d;W Mz;Lfspy; mtUila rd;dpahrpfs; midtUk; jpkph;thj Nehapdhy; gPbf;fg;gl;ldh;. midtUk; jq;fs; Ntjidfis nghWikAld; rfpj;J mNef ghtpfSf;F Nkhl;r thriyj;jpwe;jdh;.

rpe;jid @ "eP vq;F nrd;whYk; rhp> jpUr;rpYitapd; ghijiag;Nghy; rpwe;j gj;jpukhd> ghijia vq;Fk; fhzkhl;lha;".

nrgk; @ X rpYitNa> vq;fs; Vf ek;gpf;ifNa> tho;f.

[dthp 13

Gdpj `pyhhp (315-368)

fy;tp fw;W Muha;r;rp nra;jjd; gadhfTk;> Ntj Gj;jfj;ijg; gbj;jjd; tpisthfTk; ,th; cz;ikahd Ntjj;ij mwpa te;J Qhd];ehdk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. gpd; Mauhdhh;. ,y;yw tpRthrpaha; ,Uf;Fk; NghNj kf;fis fpwp];jt kiwapy; cWjpg;gLj;j Kad;W te;jhh;. fpwp];J ehjh; flTs; my;y Nghjpj;j gjpjh;fis ,th; td;ikAld; vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhbdhh;. cz;ikf;fhf ,th; Nghuhbdgbahy; ,th; ehL flj;jg;gl;lhh;. %d;W Mz;L guNjr thrj;jpd; NghJ Neuj;ij tPzhf;fhky; jphpNaf flTisg;gw;wp Xh; mofpa E}iy ,th; vOjpdhh;. ,th; rhe;j Fzk; cs;sth;. ,uf;fKs;sth;> vg;nghOJk; gl;rkhapUg;ghh;. vd;whYk; cz;ikia vjph;j;jth;fis fLikahf jhf;fpg; NgRthh;.

rpe;jid @ fpwp];J ehjUf;fhf ehk; Jd;gg;gl Nehpl;lhy; mijg; ngUk; Nguhf fUJNthkhf.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> jtWfis fz;bg;gjw;fhd typikia jpUr;rigapd; Mah;fSf;Fk; FUf;fSf;Fk; fpwp];jth;fSf;Fk; jhUk;.

[dthp 14

Gdpj ngypf;]; (-260 Nola)

,th; ,uh[hjpuh[uhd ,NaRTf;F Nrit nra;a jPh;khdpj;J jkJ nrhj;Jf;fis vy;yhk; ViofSf;F gfph;e;J nfhLj;jhh;. gpd;dh; FUg;gl;lk; ngw;whh;. Ntj fyfk; njhlq;fpaJk; ,th; kiwe;J tho;e;jhh;. Ntj tpNuhjpahd murd; ,we;jJk; ,th; ehl;Lf;F te;J Ntjj;ij Mh;tj;jld; Nghjpj;jhh;. fpwp];jt kj tpNuhjpfs; ,tiu tpul;bg; gpbf;f Kad;wdh;. ,tNuh ghoile;j ,U tPLfSf;F ,ilNa MW khj fhyk; xspe;jpUe;jhh;. ehl;by; mikjp epytpaJk; jpUk;g te;J epyj;ijg; gaphpl;L tho;e;J te;jhh;. nghUl;fis ,oe;jth;fs; ,tiu Nehf;fp kd;whLfpwhh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ ",NaRTf;fhf ,uj;jj;ij rpe;jpath;fs; khj;jpuky;y> Mdhy; ,NaRTf;F tplhKaw;r;rpAld; Nrit nra;fpwth;fSk; kiwrhl;rpfNs".

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; vd;Wk;>kd jsh;tpd;wp ck;ik Nerpj;J Nrtpf;Fk; tuk; jhUk;.

[dthp 15

Gdpj tdj;J rpd;dg;gh; (229 - 342)

NjrpA]; murd; xU Ntj fyfj;ij njhlq;fpdhd;. mg;nghOJ ,th; fhl;Lf;F Xbg;Nghdhh;. xU kiyapy; tho;e;J te;jhh;. mq;F nrd;w NghJ> ,tUf;F taJ ,Ugj;jpuz;L. njhz;Z}W Mz;Lfshf xU Fifapy; tho;e;J nrgj;jpYk; jtj;jpYk; Neuj;ij nrytopj;jhh;. ehw;gj;J %d;W taJtiu ,th; xU kuj;jpd; fdpfis mUe;jp tho;e;J te;jhh;.flTs; jk;ik vg;gbahtJ guhkhpg;ghh; vd;W ,th; cWjpahfek;gpdhh;. ,tuJ ek;gpf;if tPzhftpy;iy. ehw;gj;J %d;W tajpypUe;J rhFk; tiu flTs; xU gwit topahf ,tUf;F GJikahf cztspj;J te;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ ekf;F cyf nghUl;fs; Njit. mit ekf;F epuk;g fpilf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; flTsJ fhhpaq;fspy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;l Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ck;ik ehq;fs; midj;Jf;fk; Nkyhf Nerpf;Fk; tuk; jhUk;.

[dthp 16

Gdpj kh;nry;Y]; (309)

,th; Vioahfg; gpwe;jhh;. 307-Mk; Mz;by; ghg;ghdtuhf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; fhyj;jpy; gyh; fpwp];jt Ntjj;ij kWjypj;jhh;fs;. mth;fspy; rpyh; jpUk;gTk; fpwp];jth;fshf tpUk;gpdh;@ mth;fis ,th; fUizAld; elj;jpdhh;. rpyh; jq;fs; jtWf;fhf jtk; nra;a kWj;jhh;fs;. ,th; mth;fSf;F kd;dpg;G nfhLf;f kWj;jhh;. ,jdhy; murd; ,tiu njhy;iyg;gLj;jpdhhd;. gpd;dh; ,tiu ehL flj;jpdhd;. ,th; kpfj; Jd;gg;gl;L ,we;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ ghtk; nra;jpUf;Fk; ehk; ghtj;jpw;Fg; ghpfhukhf jtk; nra;a jahuha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> vq;fs; ghtq;fSf;F ,t;TyfpNyNa ehq;fs; ghpfhuk; nra;Ak; tuk; jhUk;.

[dthp 17

Gdpj tdj;J me;Njhdpahh; (251 - 356)

" eP epiwT ngw tpUk;gpdhy; cd; clikfis tpw;W Viof;F nfhL . thdfj;jpy;> nry;tk; fpilf;Fk;. gpd; te;J vd;idg; gpd;nry;" vd;Dk; nrhw;fis ,th; xUehs; Nfhtpypy; Nfl;lhh;. clNd midj;ijAk; tpw;W ViofSf;F nfhLj;J tpl;L guNyhf nry;tq;fis Nrh;f;Fk; gb fhl;bw;Fr; nrd;W jt tho;T elj;jpdh;.guNyhfj;ijg; gw;wp rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,utpy; gLj;jpUg;ghh;. #hpad; cjpj;jJk; "flTisg; gw;wp rpe;jpf;f #hpad; ,ilA+uhf ,Uf;fpwNj" vd;ghh;. grhR ,tiu F&ukhfj; jhf;fpaJ. jho;r;rpahYk; nrg jtj;jhYk; flTs; kPJs;s ek;gpf;ifahYk;> rpYit milahsj;jhYk; grhir Kwpabg;ghh;. xU ehs; gaq;fu NrhjidfSf;Fg;gpd; mth; "Mz;ltNu> ePh; vq;Nf NghapUe;jPh;?" vdf; Nfl;lhh;. "eP Nghh; ghptijg; ghh;j;Njd;. eP mile;j ntw;wpfisf; fz;L kfpo;e;Njd;.eP tPuj;Jld; Nghuhbaikahy; cd; ngaiu cynfq;Fk; gpugy;ypakhf;FNtd;" vd flTs; $wpdhh;.

rpe;jid @ "cj;jkdjhgj;ij eP mila tpUk;gpdhy;> ,d;W cd; tho;tpd; filrp ehs; vdf; fUjp nrayhw;W. flTs; kPJk; mth; guhkhpf;if kPJk; ek;gpf;if itf;fpwtd; ty;yikAs;stdhfpwhd;"

[dthp 18

Gdpj vkpyp ( 1797- 1856 )

,tSila jha; ,we;J Nghdhs;. mjpypUe;J ,ts; rpWth;fisAk; ViofisAk; guhkhpg;gjpy; Neuj;ij nrytopj;jhy;. ,ts; je;ij ,ij tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,ts; ngz;fSf;nfd;W xU rigia njhlq;fpdhs;. ViofisAk; NehahspfisAk; fy;tp mwptw;w rpWth;fisak; guhkhpg;gNj ,r;rigapd; Ntiy. ,tis gyh; Fiw $wpdh;> vjph;j;jdh;. ,ts; xd;iwAk; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy.flTSf;fhfTk; mtSila ViofSf;fhfTk; ciog;gjpNyNa fz;Zq; fUj;Jkha; ,Ue;jhs;. ,ts; njhlq;fpa rig Mg;gphpf;fh> Mrpah> M];jpNuypah ,e;j ehLfspy; kf;fSf;F vz;z Klahj eyd;fis tpistpj;jJ.

rpe;jid @ flTSf;fhfTk; mtuJ rhayhf cz;llhf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhfTk; cioj;J ed;ik nra;a tpUk;Gk; ehk; vjph;g;igf; fz;L mQ;ryhfhJ.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ed;ik nra;tjpy; ehq;fs; vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;f Jiz GhpAk;.

[dthp 19

Gdpj fd;A+l; (-1086)

,tUila je;ijAk; mz;zDk; ,we;j gpd; ,th; muruhdhh;. Njhw;f;fbf;fg;gl;l khfhzq;fspy; ,th; fpwp];jt kiwia ];jpug;gLj;jpdhh;. Nfhapy;fisf; ftdpj;j FUf;fSf;F tpRthrpfs; jq;fs; tukhdj;jpy; gj;jpy; xU gq;iff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ rl;lk;.,r;rl;lj;ij murh; kKYf;F nfhz;Ltu Kad;whh;. ,jdhy; mNefh; ,tiu vjph;j;jdh;. Fog;gk; nra;jhh;fs;. Fog;gf;fhuh;fs; gpd;thq;fp tpl;lhh;fs; vd;W rpyh; murhplk; #o;r;rpahfj; njhptpj;jhh;fs;. ,jw;fhf ed;wp nrYj;Jk;gb murh; NfhtpYf;Fr; nrd;whh;. mq;F vjphpfs; mtiuf; nfhd;whh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ ek; Qhd Nka;g;gh;fSf;F ek;khyhd nghUSjtpAk;> Kf;fpakhf nrg cjtpAk; mspf;fpNwhkh?

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> vq;fs; ehl;bw;Fk; mfpy cyFf;Fk; Vw;w jiyth;fisj; jhUk;.

[dthp 20

Gdpj ggpahd; (250)

cNuhikapy; ghg;ghdth; ,we;jhh;. Gjpa ghg;ghdtiuj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk;gb $bapUe;jdh;. $bapUe;jth;fspy; ggpahDk; xUth;. Njh;jypd; NghJ mth; kPJ xU Gwh ,wq;fp epw;gijf; fz;ldh;. ,J flTNs fhl;ba Fwp vd;W fz;L mtiug; ghg;ghdtuhf Njh;e;njLj;jdh;. ,th; jg;giwahd nfhs;iffis fz;bj;J mlf;fpdhh;. cNuhikia VO khtl;lq;fshfg; gphpj;J rpwg;ghf ViofSf;F cjtp nra;Ak;gb xU jpUj;njhz;liu xt;nthU gFjpapYk; epakpj;jhh;.

Gdpj nrg];jpahh; (-288)

Gdpj nrg];jpahh; cNuhik ,uhZtj;jpy; cah; gjtp tfpj;jhh;.fpwp];jth;fis Cf;Ftpj;J te;jhh;.fpwp];JTf;fhf capiu ,og;gJ ngUk; NgW vd;ghh;. ,th; gy GJikfs; nra;jikahy; gyh; fpwp];jtuhapdh;. Ntj fhyj;jpd; NghJ fpwp];jth;fs; cNuhikia tpl;Lj; jg;gpj;J Xl ,th; cjtp nra;jhh;. ,tiug; gpbj;Jf;fl;b mk;Gfis ,th; kPJ va;jhh;fs;. ,th; ,we;J tpl;lhh; vd ,tiu tpl;Lr; nrd;wdh;. ,tNuh rhftpy;iy. jk;ikf; nfhy;y cj;jutpl;l eLtdplk; ,th; Ngha; "jaT nra;J ,NaRit tpRtrpAq;fs;" vdr; nrhd;dhh;. mtNdh jbfshy; nrg];jpahiu mbj;Jf; nfhy;y cj;jutpl;lhd;.

rpe;jid @ ,NaRTf;F nrhe;jkhdth;fis gwpf;f rhj;jhd; ngU Kaw;rp nra;fpwhd;. mth;fis rhj;jhdplkpUe;J gwpj;J ,NaRTf;F jpUk;g nfhLf;f rpukj;ijg; ghuhky; ehk; ciof;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> rpwe;j ,uhZttPuh;fis vq;fs; ehl;Lf;Fj; je;jUSk;.

[dthp 21

Gdpj Mf;Nd]; (246 - 258)

,ts; moF kpFe;jts;. xU nry;te;jUila kfs;. ,tis kzKbf;f gyh; tpUk;gpdh;. "xU gh;j;jhit ehd; Njh;e;njLf;fpNwd;. mtiur; rhPu fz;fshy; ghh;f;fKbahJ" vd;W mf;Nd]; nrhy;yp> mth;fsJ tpUg;gj;Jf;F ,zq;f kWj;J te;jhs;. ,ts; fpwp];jts; vd mjpfhhpaplk; Fw;wQ;rhl;bdh;. cghjpf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F mts; kfpo;r;rpAld; nrd;whs;. "fpwp];jt Ntjj;ij tpl;LtpL cd;id kze;J nfhs;fpNwd;" vd cNuhik efh;j; jiytdpd; kfd; nkhope;jhd;. mtNsh "thdJ}jh;fs; gzpGhpAk; ,NaRtpd; gj;jpdp ehd;" vd;whs;. mtsJ fw;igf; nfLf;Fk;gb te;j J\;l thypgh;fs; mtisf; fz;lJk; jpfpy; mile;J gpd;thq;fpdhh;. xU J\;ld; Jdpr;rYld; Kd;Ndwpdhd;. mtd; FUldhfp eLf;fKw;W fPNo tpOe;jhd;. mtis ntl;bf; nfhy;Yk;gb mjpfhhp xU NrtfDf;F cj;jutpl;lhd;. "Mz;ltNu> ,Njh ehd; ck;kplk; tUfpNwd;. ck;ikNa ehd; md;G nra;Njd;. ck;ikNa ehd; NjbNdd;. ckf;fhfNt Vf;fj;Jld; fhj;jpUf;fpNwd;" vd;W $wp Mf;Nd]; caph; ePj;jhs;.

rpe;jid @ "vdJ ,uj;jj;jhy; cdJ this eP fiwg;gLj;jyhk;. Mdhy; fpwp];JTf;F mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l vd; cliy fiwg;gLj;j ahuhYk; KbahJ".

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehd; vdJ fz;fisAk; epiditAk; mlf;f cjtp nra;Ak;.

[dthp 22

Gdpj tpd;nrd;l; (kiwrhl;rp)

,tuJ ngaUhpd; nghUs; " ntw;wp milgth;". jk; ngaUf;F Vw;g mNefiu ntd;W mth;fis flTsplk; nfhz;L te;jhh;.Ntjj;jpw;fhf ,th; F&ukhf cghjpf;fg;gl;lhh;. Ntjidia mjpfhpf;Fk;gb ,tuJ fhaq;fspd; kPJ cg;G jltg;gl;lJ. J}ath; nrhy;y Kbahj Ntjidg;gl;lhh;. mthpUe;j ,lj;jpy; Xh; mG+h;t guNyhf xsp fhzg;gl;lJ. ek; Gdpjh; mq;Fk; ,q;Fk; ele;J ,iwtidj; Jjpg;gijf; fz;l rpiwf;fhtyd; fpwp];jtdhdhd;.

rpe;jid @ Jd;gq;fs; ekf;F tu mDkjpf;Fk; flTs;> mtw;iw rfpg;gjw;fhd gyj;ijAk; ekf;fj; jUfpwhh;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; ck;ik xUNghJk; kWjypahjpUf;f tuk; jhUk;.

[dthp 23

Gdpj mUsg;gh;

,tiu Mauhf;fpaJk; ,uz;L fhhpaq;fs; nra;jhh;. miyf;rhe;jphpah gl;lzj;jpYs;s Viofisf; fzf;nfLf;f cj;jutpl;lhh;. nkhj;jk; Vohapuj;J Ie;E}W Ngh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.Nfhtpy; fsQ;rpaj;jpy; ,Ue;j vz;gjhapuk; jq;f ehzaq;fisAk; ViofSf;Fg; gq;fpl;L nfhLj;jhh;. mjd;gpd; te;j tUkhdk; midj;ijAk; mNdfkha; mg;gbNa ViofSf;Ff; nfhLj;J te;jhh;.

tUthapy; ntF nrhw;gNk jkf;nfd itj;jpUe;jhh;. fhl;by; trpj;J te;j jNghjdh;fs;Nghy jt tho;f;ifelj;jpdhh;. Viofis jk; "v[khdh;" vd;W miog;ghh;. jk;ik %bf;nfhs;s ez;gh; xUtuhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpiyAah;e;j Nghh;it xd;iw ,th; tpw;W gzj;ij ViofSf;F nfhLj;jhh;. me;j ez;gh; tpw;fg;gl;l Nghh;itia ngUk; njhif nfhLj;J thq;fp jpUk;gTk; MaUf;F nfhLj;jhh;. jpUk;gTk; Mah; mij tpw;whh;. ez;gh; mij jpUk;gTk; MaUf;F nfhLj;jhh;. ehd;fhk; Kiwahf cgfhhp Nghh;itia mUsg;ghplk; nfhLj;jNghJ mUsg;gh; rpwpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl "ey;yJ ,e;j tpisahl;Lj; njhlh;e;J elj;j ePh; tpUk;GfpwPub? Kjypy; ahh; rypf;fpwhh;fs; vd;W ghh;g;Nghk;" vd;whh;.

rpe;jid @ "Viofs; kPJ mDjhgk; nfhs;tJ ghtkhapUe;jhy; mij ehd; fl;bf; nfhs;shky; ,Uf;f KbahJ".

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Viofsplkha; ehd; ck;ikNa fhZk; tuk; jhUk;.

[dthp 24

Gdpj gpuhd;rp]; rNyrpahh; (1567-1662)

(vOj;jhsh;fspd; ghJfhtyh;) ,tuJ fy;tpj; jpwikia mwpe;J ngw;Nwhh; ,tiuj; jq;fSld; itj;jpUf;f tpuk;gpdh;. gpd;dh; kdjpd;wp mtUf;F mDkjp mspf;f mth; FUg;gl;lk; ngw;whh;. gpd;dh; ,th; Mauhdhh;. FUf;fSf;fhfTk; tpRthrpfSf;fhfTk; jk; kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; Mh;tj;Jld; cioj;jhh;. NtW ,lq;fSf;Fk; Ngha; cioj;jhh;. ,th; NfhgFzk; gilj;jth;. vdpDk; ,Ugj;J %d;W Mz;Lfshf ngUKaw;rp vLj;J ,th; rhe;jj;ij mile;jhh;. tplhJ jk;ik gyte;jg;gLj;jpa jk;ik mlf;fp MSk; tuj;ijg; ngw;whh;. kfpo;r;rp Neuj;jpYk; kpQ;rpd FJ}fyk; nfhs;skhl;lhh;. vg;nghOJk; mlf;f xLf;fkhf ,Ug;ghh;. "flTs; kPJ vd; ghh;itia itj;J ehd; vdJ tho;f;ifg; glif nrYj;JfpNwd;. jpUg;jpAld; ,Uf;fpNwd;. cyfk; jiyfPoha; Guz;lhYk; ehd; gag;glj; Njitapy;iy. flTs; vd;idg; guhkhpj;J tUk;NghJ ehd; Vd; mQ;r Ntz;Lk;?" vd;ghh;.

rpe;jid @ "vjw;f;Fk; Mirg;glhNj> vijAk; Nfl;fhNj> vijAk; Ntz;ljk; vd;fhNj."

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Nfhgk; tUk; Neuj;jpy; thiaj; jpwthjpUf;Fk; tuj;ij vq;fSf;Fj; jhUk;.

[dthp 25

Gdpj rpd;dg;gh; kde;jpUk;gpa tpoh

fpwp];jt kiwia ,th; mwpa te;jJk; mij MNtrj;Jld; vjph;j;jhh;. Kjy; rhl;rpahd Gdpj Kbag;giu fy;yhy; vhpe;J nfhy;Yk; NghJ ,th; mUfpy; epd;whh;. jkh];F efhpYs;s fpwp];jth;fisg; gpbj;Jf;fl;b naUrNyKf;F nfhz;L tUk;gb gpujhd FUtpd; fbjj;Jld; nrd;whh;. jkh];F efiu mth; rkPgpf;f ,Ue;jNghJ jpBnud thdpypUe;J Njhd;wpa Xh; xsp ,tiur; #o;e;J nfhs;s ,th; jiuapy; tpOe;jhh;. ,NaR ,tUld; Ngrpdhh;. fpwp];jt kiwia KO %r;Rld; vjph;j;J epd;wth;. ,g;nghOJ fpwp];Jehjhpd; mg;Ngh];jyuhf khwpdhh;. fpwp];jth;fisj; Jd;GWj;jpath; Gwtpdj;jhiuf; fpwp];Jtplk; nfhz;LtUk;gb cliyAk; capiuAk; mh;g;gzpj;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ flTshy; KbahjJ xd;Wkpy;iy . fd;ndQ;ruhd ghtpfis xU tpdhbapy; kde;jpUg;gf; $bath; flTs;.vdNt ek;gpf;ifNahL ghtpfSf;fhf nrgpg;Nghkhf.

nrgk; @ ,NaRtpd; ,uf;fKs;s ,UjaNk> fd;ndQ;ruhd ghtpfis kde;jpUg;Gk;.

[dthp 26

Gdpj jPNkhj;NjA (32-97)

Gdpj jPj;J (96)

Gdpj rpd;dg;gh; Kjy;Kiw yp];jpuh efh; nrd;wNghJ jPNkhj;NjA fpwp];jtuhdhh;. VO Mz;LfSf;Fg;gpd; rpd;dg;gh; ,uz;lhk;Kiw yp];jpuh efh; nrd;wNghJ> mq;Fs;s fpwp];jth;fs; jPNkhj;NjAit kpf ghuhl;bg; Ngrpdhh;fs;. vdNt rpd;dg;gh; mtiu jkf;F cjtp nra;a Njh;e;J nfhz;lhh;. fbdkhd Ntiyfspy; nghWg;Ngw;W ,th; gy ,lq;fSf;F rpd;dg;guhy; mDg;gg;gl;lhh;. rpd;dg;gh; ,tiu vNgR]; efUf;f Mauhf epakpj;jhh;. rpd;dg;gh; ,tUf;F ,U jpUKfq;fs; vOjp mDg;gpdhh;. 97-Mk; Mz;by; ,th; Ntjj;jpw;fhff; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

Gw ,dj;jhiur; Nrh;e;j jPj;J fpwp];jtuhdhh;. rpd;dg;gh; ,tiu f;hPl; efhpd; Mauhf;fpdhh;. gpd; ,tiu rpd;dg;gh; nfhhpe;J efUf;f mq;Fs;s jpUr;rigia rPh;jpUj;Jk;gb mDg;gpdhh;. ,e;j Ntiyia jPj;J tpNtfj;JlDk; md;GlDk; ntw;wpAlDk; nra;J Kbj;jhh;. 64-Mk; Mz;by; rpd;dg;gh; ,tUf;F jpUKfk; xd;W vOjp mDg;gpdhh;. mthplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;j tpRthrpfis vt;tpjk; ghJfhg;gJ vd;gJ gw;wp me;jj; jpUKfj;jpy; $wg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

rpe;jid @ flTs; ek;kplk; mNefiu xg;gilf;fpwhh;. mth;fsJ tpRthrj;ijf; fhg;gJ ek;ikr; rhh;e;j flik. ngw;Nwhh;fSk; Mrphpah;fSk; ftdpg;ghh;fshf.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> vd;idr; rhh;e;jth;fSf;F ehd; ,lwyha; ,Uf;fhky;> ed; khjphpahf ,Uf;Fk; tuk; jhUk;.

[dthp 27

Gdpj nkhprp MQ;nryh (1474-1540)

,th; ghtpfs; kde;jpUk;Gk;gb fLe;jt Kaw;rpfisr; nra;J te;jhs;. ,jw;F rd;khdkhf thdJ}jh;fisAk;> Gdpjh;fisAk; fz;L NgRk; NgW ,tSf;F fpilj;jJ. ,tSf;F jpt;tpa ew;fUizkPJ kpFe;j gf;jp cz;L. mbf;fb jpt;tpa ew;fUiz thq;f Mrpj;jhs;.mNef ehl;fspy; jpt;tpa ed;ikNa ,tSf;F capuhf ,Ue;jJ. "cyfpy; Vw;gLk; jPikfs; ,y;yq;fspypUe;Nj cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. thypgg; ngz;fSf;F fpwp];jt fy;tp mspf;fg;gLtJ ,y;iy. ey;y jha;khiu ,y;yq;fs; jahhpg;gjpy;iy. ,jdhNyNa r%jhaj;jpy; Vuhskhd rPh;NfLfs; Vw;gLfpd;wJ" vd;W MQ;ryh mbf;fb nrhy;ths;. thypgg; ngz;fs; fpwp];jt fy;tpg; gapw;rp ngw;Wf;nfhs;s ,ts; xU rigia njhlq;fpdhs;. ,ts; jho;r;rp epiwe;jts; vdNt jd; ngaiu me;j rigf;F nfhLf;ftpy;iy. Gdpj Ch;Ryk;khis mjd; guNyhf ghJfhtypahf itj;J mtsJ ngaiu rigf;Fk; nfhLj;jhs;.

rpe;jid @ eP mila tpUk;Gtij milAk;gbahf gyte;jk; nra;ahNj> flTs; vy;NyhUf;Fk; kdr;Rje;jpuj;ijf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhh;> jkf;Ff; fPo;gbAk;gb mth; ahiuAk; fl;lhag;gLj;jtpy;iy.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> vq;fs; ehl;Lf;Fr; rpwe;j md;idaiuj; jhUk;.

[dthp 28

Gdpj mf;Fapdh]; Njhkh]; (1225-1274)

,th; tho;tpy; xU epiyiaj; njhpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba gpuhak; te;jJk; cyfj;jpd; kPJ ntWg;Gf;nfhz;L re;epahrpahf tpUk;gpdhh;. ngw;Nwhh; ,ij tpUk;gtpy;iy. vdpDk; 1243-y; ,th; Negps;];efh;Ngha; Gdpj Rthkpehjhpd; rigapy; Nrh;e;J nfhz;lhh;.,tiuj; jLf;f ,th; FLk;gj;jpdh; ngUKaw;rp nra;jhh;fs;. ,uz;L Mz;Lfshf ,tiu Xhplj;jpy; milj;j itj;jpUe;jhh;fs;. ,tiuf; nfLf;Fk;gb xU nfl;l ngz;izAk; mDg;gpdhh;fs;. mth;fsJ #o;r;rp gypf;ftpy;iy.,Wjpahf tpLjiyg;ngw;W > rigapy; Nrh;e;J thh;j;ijg;ghL nfhLj;jhh;. nfhNyhQ; efhpy; Gdpj My;gh;l; ,tUf;F fy;tp fw;gpj;jhh;. Njhkh]; mjpfkhf Ngrkhl;lhh;. Vida khzth; ,tiu "Cik khL" vdf; Nfyp nra;thh;fs;. ",e;j Cik khL NghLk; rj;jk; xU ehs; cyfnkq;Fk; Nfl;Fk;" vd;W My;gh;l; Kd;dwptpj;jhh;. Njhkh]; vOjpa E}y;fs; guthj ,lNk fpilahJ vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. ,th; flTisg; gw;wpAk; xU nghpa fpue;jk; vOjpdhh;. ,th; Nehgps;]; efhpy; ,Uf;ifapy; rpYitapy; njhq;fpa ,NaR GJikahf tha; jpwe;J ,tUld; Ngrpdhh;. "Njhkh];> eP vd;idg; gw;wp ed;whf vOjpapUf;fpwha;. cdf;F vd;d rd;khdk; Ntz;Lk;?" vd;whh;. "Mz;ltNu ck;ikj; jtpu NtW xd;Wk; vdf;F Ntz;lhk;" vd ,th; gjpyspj;jhh;. ,j;jid mwpa E}y;fis vOJtjw;fhd Qhdk; vq;fpUe;J fpilj;jnjd gyh; Nfl;ghh;fs;. ,th; jho;r;rpAld; rpYitapy; njhq;fpa ,NaRit Rl;bf;fhl;Lthh;.

rpe;jid @ "rhe;j FzkhdJ fw;igAk; Vida Gz;zpaq;fisAk; tpl cah;e;jJ. Vnddpy; kpfr; rpwe;j Gz;zpakhfpa md;ig ,J G+h;j;jp nra;fpwJ".

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ngw;NwhUf;F fPo;gbtij tpl ckf;Ff; fPo;gbtNj Nky; vd;W kf;fs; mwpe;J xOFk; tuj;ijj; jhUk;.

[dthp 29

Gdpj Njhkh];

Gdpj Njhkh]pd; je;ijia Ntjj;jpw;fhf gpbj;J ehd;F Mz;Lfshf rpiwapy; itj;jpUe;jhh;fs;. gpd; mtiuf; nfhd;whh;fs;. mth; nkhy;yg;gLtijg; ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j Njhkh]; ,e;j nghpa tuj;Jf;fhf flTSf;F ed;wp nrYj;jpdhh;. rw;Wg;gpd; ,tiuAk; nfhd;whh;fs;. ,J [g;ghd; ehl;by; epfo;e;jJ.

rpe;jid @ mtpRthrpfs; epiwe;j ehLfspy; GJf;fpwp];jth;fs; kpFe;j tPuj;Jld; ghpj;jpahfq;fs; nra;fpwhh;fs;. fj;Njhypf;f ngw;Nwhhplk; gpwe;jth;fs; ,ijf;fz;L ntl;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> rhFk;tiu Ntjj;jpy; cWjpahf ,Uf;Fk; tuj;ij fpwp];jth;fs; midtUf;Fk; jhUk;.

[dthp 30

gh;j;jpy;jp]; murp (660)

,ts; ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jts;.fj;Njhypf;f rigapds;. Xh; murDf;F mbikahf tpw;f;fg;gl;lhs;. ,tsJ moifAk; ,ts; mDrhpj;j fpwp];jt Gz;zpaq;fisAk; fz;l murh; tpag;Gw;W ,tSf;F tpLjiy mspj;J ,tis kze;J nfhz;lhh;. VO Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; fzth; ,we;jhh;. ,ts; ehl;bd; nghWg;ig Vw;whs;. rpy J}a Mah;fspd; cjtpahy; mbik tpahghuj;ijAk; FUf;fspilNa ,Ue;j Coy;fisAk; xopj;jhs;. tho;tpd; ,Wjp gd;dpuz;L Mz;LfisAk; Jwtpahf nrytopj;J ViofSf;Fr; Nrit nra;jhs;.

rpe;jid @ tho;tpy; ehk; ve;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk; ekJ Ntiy vj;jifajhf ,Ue;jhYk; ehk; Gdpjuhfyhk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Viofs; kPJ kpFe;j md;ig fpwp];jt ngz;fspd; cs;sq;fspy; vOg;GtPuhf.

[dthp 31

Gdpj [hz; Ngh];Nfh (1815-1888)

,tUila ngw;Nwhh; Viofs;. ,th; ,uz;L taJ Foe;ijahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ je;ijia ,oe;jhh;. jha; ,tis tsh;j;J te;jhs;. ,th; MLfis Nka;j;J te;jhh;. "ehd; vd;whtJ FU MNtdhdhy; rpWth;fSf;fhf ciog;gjpy; vd; tho;ehisr; nrytopg;Ngd;" vd;whh;. jhd; FUthf tpUk;Gtij xd;gjhtJ tajpy; ntspapl;lhh;. gs;spf;$lk; nry;y ,th; ehs;NjhUk; ehd;F ikYf;F Nky; elg;ghh;. Mz;by; MWkhjk; fy;tp gapy;thh;. mLj;j MWkhjq;fis epyj;jpy; Ntiy nra;tjpy; nrytopg;ghh;. ,th; FU klj;Jf;F nry;tjw;F Ke;jpa ehs; FUj;Jt khzt cilAld; jd; jhapd; Kd; epd;whh;. jha; jd; fuq;fis ,th; Njhs; kPJ itj;J "cd;id ,e;j cilapy; fhz;gJ vdf;F kpfkpf kfpo;r;rp mspf;fpwJ. FU epiyf;F kfpikaspg;gJ cilahyy;y> Mdhy; Gz;zpa tho;T vd;gij vd;Wk; epidtpy; itj;jpU. cdf;F cz;ikahfNt Njt mioj;jy; ,y;iy vd;W mwpthahdhy; clNd ,e;j cilia mfw;wptpLk;gb cd;id ehd; nfQ;rp Nfl;fpNwd;. vd; mrke;jKs;s FUthapUg;gijtpl epyj;ijg; gaphpLgtdhf ehd; mtidf; fhz tpUk;GfpNwd;. eP gpwe;jJk; ehd; cd;id Njtjha;f;F mh;g;gzpj;Njd;. fy;tp fw;fj; njhlq;fpaNghJ> "me;jj; jhia te;jpj;J th> cdJ rq;flq;fs; midj;jpYk; ‘mtsplk; Ngh’ vd;Nwd;. ,g;nghOJ md;idia cd; murpahfj; njhpe;J nfhs;sk;gb cd;id ,iwQ;RfpNwd;" vd;whs;. ,rh; FUg;gl;lk; ngw;wgpd;> iftplg;gl;l rpWth;fSf;fhf ciof;f njhlq;fpdhh;. ,tUf;F ,iltplh vjph;g;G ,Ue;jJ. gzKil NtW vd;whYk; ,tuJ fy;tp gapw;r;rpf;fhf Mz;fSf;F xU rigAk; ngz;fSf;nfd;W xU rigAk; epWtpdhh;. "ek; rigapdh; flTSld; ey;YuT nfhz;L vd;Wk; kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khpahs; kPJ cz;ikg; gf;jp nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fsplk; Qhdk;> tpNtfk;> gpwh;kPJ md;G ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;" vd ,th; tw;GWj;jpf; $Wthh;. "Mz;ltNu Md;khf;fis vdf;Fj;jhUk;. Vida midj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;" vd;gNj ,tuJ rigapd; tpUJ thf;fpak;.

rpe;jid @ ed;ik nra;ak;gb ciof;Fk; eP cd;dhy; Mdij vy;yhk; nra;. vQ;rpaij ,iwtDk; mtUila md;idAk; nra;J Kbg;ghh;fs;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Mh;tk; epiwe;j FUf;fis jpUr;rigf;Fj; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 1

Kj;jpg;NgW ngw;w FNshl;

njyh nfhyk;gpah (1641- 1682)

,th; ,NaR rigapd; rl;lq;fSf;F ntF gpukhzpf;fj;Jld; EZf;fkhf fPo;gbe;J te;jhh;. 1674-Mk; Mz;L ,th; gNunyNkhdpahy; vd;Dk; ChpypUe;J ,NaR rigf; FUf;fspd; rpNu\;luhfTk; Gdpj khh;f;fhPj; khpak;khspd; Md;k FUthfTk; epakdk; ngw;whh;. 1675[Pd; khjj;jpy; ,NaRtpd; jpU ,Ujak; khh;fhPj; khpak;khSf;F fhl;rp nfhLj;jhh;. rw;W gpd; ek; Gdpj FU jk;ik KOtJk; ,NaRtpd; jpU ,Ujaj;Jf;F mh;g;gzpj;jhh;. jpU ,Ujag; gf;jpia gug;g Mh;tj;Jld; Kad;W te;jhh;.

gpd;dh; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; murpfSf;F Md;k FUthf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. muz;kidapYk; ,th; Jwtw tho;T elj;jpdhh;. Ntj Nghjf NtiyAk; nra;J te;jhh;. ,tiu mepahakhf ifJ nra;J rpiwapy; itj;jdh;. gpd; ehL flj;jpdhh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ "flTs; Nky; ek;gpf;if it. mth; kPJ ek;gpf;if itg;gtd; mtiu kfpikg;gLj;Jfpwhd;." ehk; mjpf eph;g;ghf;fpauhf ,Ug;Nghkhdhy; flTs; kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;J mtiu mjpfkhf kfpikg;gLj;JfpNwhk;.

nrgk; @ ,NaRtpd; jpU ,UjaNk> ePNu vq;fs; ek;gpf;if.

ngg;Uthp 2

Mz;ltiu fhzpf;ifahf xg;Gf;nfhLj;j tpoh

,NaR gpwe;J ehw;gJ ehl;fshd gpd; khpahSk; #irag;gUk; mtiuj; Njthyaj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nrd;whh;fs;. nkhaPrDila fl;lisg;gb mtiuf; flTSf;F xg;Gf; nfhLf;Fk;gb Nghdhh;fs;. Viofspd; fhzpf;ifahd xU N[hb khlg;Gwhf;fis mth;fs; jq;fSld; vLj;Jr; nrd;wdh;. vfpg;J ehl;bypUe;J ,];uhNay; kf;fs; ntspNawpa rkaj;jpy; flTSila J}jd; mth;fSila jiyr;rd; gps;isfis nfhy;yhJ tpl;L tpl;lhh;. mjw;F ed;wpawpjyhf ,];uhNay; kf;fs; jq;fSf;Fg; gpwf;Fk; Kjy; Mz; Foe;ijiaf; flTSf;F fhzpf;ifahf xg;Gf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ NkhaPrd; rl;lk;. ,e;epfo;r;rpapy; ehk; md;idapd; fPo;g;gbjiyg; ghh;f;fpNwhk;. mts; tpjptpsf;F Nfhutpy;iy. md;idapd; jho;r;rpiaAk; ghh;f;fpNwhk;. mts; J}a;ikNa cUthdts;. vd;whYk; ghtpahd ngz;Nghy; Myaj;jpy; epw;fpwhs;. rpkpNahd; rpy epkplq;fs; khj;jpuNk ,NaRitf; ifapy; Ve;jpdhh;. Ve;jp vy;iyaw;w kfpo;r;rp mile;jhh;. jpt;tpa ed;ik thq;Fk; xt;nthU KiwAk; mNj ghf;fpak; ekf;F fpilf;fpwJ. ehk; mtiug; Nghy; kfpo;r;rpaile;J ,NaRitg; gad;gLj;jp Gdpjuhf cWjp nra;Nthk;.

rpe;jid @ "jk;kPJ ekf;Fs;s ek;gpf;ifia mjpfhpf;fk;gb flTs; jk; md;idia ekf;Fj; je;J ,Uf;fpwhh;."

nrgk; @ jpt;tpa ew;fUizapy; ,Uf;Fk; ,NaRNt vd; tpRthrj;ijj; jplg;gLj;Jk;.

ngg;Uthp 3

Gdpj md;];fhh; (803- 865)

,th; gbg;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpath; my;y. tpisahl;Lg; gps;is Nghy; rpWg;gps;isj;jdkhf ele;jhh;. Xh; ,uT mth; xU fdT fz;lhh;. mth; fuL Kulhd fhl;Lg; ghijapy; miye;Jnfhz;bUe;jhh;. vg;gbNah rfjp epiwe;j xU Fyj;jpy; mth; ,wq;fptpl;lhh;. rfjp mtiu ,Oj;jjhy; mkpo;j;jj; njhlq;fpdhh;. mUfhikapy; mofhd ghij xd;W fhzg;gl;lJ. mofpa ngz;fis mg;ghijapy; fz;lhh;. ngz;fs; midtUk; khRkUtw;w ntz;zhil jhpj;jpUe;jdh;. mth;fspy; xUj;jp mth;fSila murpa Nghy; ,Ue;jhs;. mts; kpf;f ,dpikAs;stshfTk;> kfj;JtKs;stshfTk;> md;Gs;stshfTk;> xOf;fKs;stshfTk;> murp NghyTk; fhzg;gl;lhs;. ngz;fspilNa ,we;j jd; jhiaf; fz;lhh;. clNd mth; MirAld; Xb mtis mutizf;fj; Jbj;jhh;. Mdhy; rfjpapdpd;W mtuhy; tpLgl Kbatpy;iy. murp Nghd;w ngz; mtiu Nehf;fp > "kfNd> cd; mk;khtplk; tu tpUk;Gfpwhah?" vd;whs;. mth; Mk; vd;wJk; "eP vq;fsplk; tu tpUk;gpdhy; cd; jtuhd nray;fis tpl;L tpl Ntz;Lk;. FWk;Gj;jdk; cjthJ. Vnddpy; ghtkhd midj;ijAk; ehq;fs; ntWf;fpNwhk;. ghtj;jpy; ,d;gk; fhz;fpwtd; vq;fis mZf KbahJ" vd;whs;. ,e;jf; fdT rpWtdpd; kdjpy; Mokhfg; gjpe;jJ. md;wpypUe;J ey;ytdhf thoj; njhlq;fpdhh;. FUthfp Nguhauhdhh;.

rpe;jid @ ghtj;jpy; ,d;gj;ijj; NjLfpwtd; flTis mZf KbahJ.

nrgk; @ md;id khpNa> md;];fhh; kPJ fhl;ba ,uf;fj;ij khzth; midth; kPJk; fhl;LtPuhf.

ngg;Uthp 4

Gdpj mUshde;jh; (1647-1693)

,th; Nghh;j;Jf;fy; ehl;by;> yp];gd; efhpy; 1647> khh;r; 1-Mk; Njjp gpwe;jhh;. cah;e;j gjtpia cjwp js;sp tpl;L> ,th; ,NaR rigapy; Nrh;e;J ,e;jpahTf;F te;jhh;. kf;fis flTsplk; nfhz;Ltu ,th; ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;Ntiyiaj; njhlq;F Kd; jk;ik jahhpf;Fk;gb Kg;gJ ehs; Qhd xLf;fk; nra;jhh;. jkpo; nkhopapy; NgrTk; Nghjpf;fTk; jpwik ngw;whh;. mLj;j gj;J Mz;Lfshf jkpo; ehl;by; gy ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;whh;. nrd;id> NtY}h;> jQ;rhT+h;> kJiu> ,uhkehjGuk; ,k;khtl;lq;fis mth; re;jpj;J jk;khy; ,ad;w ed;ik nra;jhh;. 1664-y; ,uhkehjGuk; kfhuh[h ,tiuf; ifJ nra;jhd;.ehl;il tpl;L ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidapd; Nky; ,tiu tpLjiy nra;jhd;. ehd;F Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; Nghh;j;Jf;fs; ehL nrd;whh;. ,tiu Nguhauhf;f ngU Kaw;rpfs; eilngw;wd. ,th; ,zq;ftpy;iy. jpUk;gTk; ,e;jpahTf;F te;J kwtd; rPikapy; cioj;jhh;. mur FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j jbaj; Njth; fpwp];jtuhf tpUk;gpdhh;. mtUf;F kidtpah; gyh; cz;L. Kjypy; kzKbj;jtis kl;Lk; itj;Jf;nfhz;L VidNahiuj; js;sp tpl;lhh;. js;sg;gl;lth;fspy; xUj;jp ,uhkehjGuk; murdpd; neUq;fpa cwtpds;. ngah; flyha;. mts; murdplk; Kiwapl> murd;> 1693 ngg;uthp 4-Mk; ehs; tpG+jp tpohtd;W mUshde;jhpd; jiyia ntl;bf; nfhy;y fl;lisapl;lhd;. ntl;Lz;l ,lj;jpYs;s kz; ,d;Wk; rptg;ghf fhzg;gLfpwJ.

rpe;jid @ ehd; flTsJ miog;Gf; FuYf;F ,zq;fhtpl;lhy; flTsJ Nfhj;ij vOg;gp tpLfpNwd;.

nrgk; @ Gdpj mUshde;jNu> jkpo; ehl;bd;> jpUr;rigf;fhf ,NaRit kd;whLk;.

ngg;Uthp 5

Gdpj Mfj;jk;khs; (251)

,ts; cah;e;j FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jts;. ehl;bd; MSeuhd Fape;jhD]; vd;gtd; ,tis ghtj;jpy; tpoj;jhl;l Kad;whd;. mts; ,zq;ftpy;iy. xU khjkhf ,tis rpiwapy; itj;jpUe;jhd;. ,tSf;F Jh;Gj;jp nrhy;Yk;gb xU nfl;l ngz;izAk; mtSld; itj;jhd;. mtSf;F mts; ,zq;f kWj;jikahy; ,tis F&ukhf tijj;J ,tsJ nfhq;iffis ntl;Lk;gb nra;tpj;jhd;. md;W ,utpy; Gdpj ,uhag;gh; ,tSf;Fj; Njhd;wp ,tisr; Rfg;gLj;jpdhh;.$hpa fh;fisAk; vhpAk; epyf;fhpiaAk; jiuapy; gug;gp ,tis mtw;wpd; kPJ cUl;lr; nra;jhd;. ,Wjpahf ,ts; rpiwf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lhy;. mq;F nrgpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ ,tsJ caph; gphpe;jJ.

rpe;jid @ ghtj;jpy; ek;ik tPo;j;jf; $ba ,lk; nghUs; Ml;fNshL ftdj;Jld; tpyf;fp tUNthk;. ",NaR fpwp];JNt> midj;jpw;Fk; Mz;ltNu ePh; vd; ,Uaj;ijg; ghh;f;fpwPh;. vd; Mirfis mwptPh;. vd;DilaJ midj;Jk; ck;KilaNj. ehd; ckJ ke;ij ML.rhj;jhid nrapf;f vd;id jFjpAs;stshf;Fk;."

nrgk; @ Gdpj Mfj;jk;khNs> ehq;fs; rhFk; tiu fw;Gs;sth;fshf tho cjtp nra;Ak;.

ngg;Uthp 6

Gdpj nfhd;rhNyh fhh;rpah (1556-1597)

,th; gk;gha; efhpy; cs;s ghrpd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. ,NaRrigf; FU xUtUld; [g;ghDf;F nrd;W mq;F me;j FUTld; vl;L Mz;Lfshf cgNjrpauhf ,Ue;jh;. ,NaR rigapy; mtiur; Nrh;f;f FUf;fs; kWj;jdh;. gpd;dh; ,th; me;j ehl;il tpl;L kf;fhNth nrd;whh;. mq;fpUe;J kzpyh nrd;W gpuhd;rp];fd; rigapy; Jizr;rNfhjuuhf Nrh;e;jhh;. rikay; miwapYk; cztUe;Jk; ,lj;jpYk; Nrit nra;jhh;. filfSf;Fg; Ngha; nghUl;fs; thq;Fthh;.xUKiw ,th; me;efhpy; tho;e;j [g;ghdpa kf;fis re;jpj;jhh;. mth;fs; kUj;Jtkidapy; Nehahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mth;fisj; Njw;Wthh;. gpuhd;rp];fd; rigf; FUf;fs; [g;ghd; ehl;by; jq;fs; rigiaj; njhlq;f Mrpj;jdh;. xU FUTld; nfhd;rhNyh rNfhjuiuAk; mDg;gpdhh;fs;. mq;F ,th; rpwe;j Nrit nra;jhh;. [g;ghdpy; Ntjfhyk; njhlq;fpaJ. ,tiuAk; ,tUld; Nrh;e;j Ie;J gpuhd;rp];fd; riuapdiuAk;> ,NaR rigapdh; %tiuAk; gjpNdO ,y;yw tpRthrpfisAk; gpbj;J rhTf;f jPh;g;gpl;L ,tiu rpYitapy; miwe;J nfhd;whh;fs;. ,th; ,we;jJ 5-2-1597-y;.

rpe;jid @ mtuJ tpNr\ Nritf;F flTshy; miof;fg;gLtJ ngUk; ghf;fpak;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Mh;tk; epiwe;j Ntj Nghjfh;fis jpUr;rigf;Fj; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 7

Gdpj nfhd;uhl; (1290-1351)

,th; tlf;F ,j;jhypahitr; Nrh;e;jth;> kzk; Kbj;jth;> ,uhZtj;jpy; Nrh;e;jhh;. Ntl;ilahLtjpy; ,th; Mh;tk; nfhz;lth;. xUehs; ,th; Jwj;jpf; nfhz;Lr; nrd;w kpUfk; Xh; mlh;e;j fhl;Lf;Fs; nrd;wJ. fhl;bw;F neUg;G gw;w itf;Fk;gb nfhd;uhl; cj;jutpl;lhh;. jpBnud gyj;j fhw;W tPrpaJ. neUg;G gf;fj;jpypUe;j tay;fspYk; fhLfspYk; gutp gyj;j Nrjj;ij tpistpj;jJ. fhuzj;ij tprhhpj;Jg; ghh;j;jhh;fs;. mUfpy; tpwF ntl;Lk; Xh; Vioiaf; fz;ldh;. mtNd neUg;G itj;jtd; vd;W fUjp mtid rhTf;Fj; jPh;g;gpl;lhh;fs;.

,ijf; Nfl;l nfhd;uhl; Xbg;Ngha; jkJ Fw;wj;ij xg;Gf; nfhz;L> jkJ cilikfis tpw;W e\;lj;jpw;F <L nra;jhh;. gpd; mtUk; mtuJ kidtpAk; Jwtpfshdhh;fs;. ,th; rprpyp ehl;by; xU Fifapy; jdp tho;T elj;jp te;jhh;. xU nghpa ghLgl;l R&gj;ij mth; Kg;gJ Mz;Lfshf nts;spf;fpoik NjhWk; Ngha; jhprpg;ghh;. mq;F Koe;jhopl;L nrgpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ caph; Jwe;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ gpwuJ nghUSf;Nfh> ngah; fPh;j;jpf;Nfh Nrjk; tUtpj;jhy;> vg;gbahtJ ghpfhuk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> mayhuJ cilikfis ehq;fs; kjpf;Fk; tuk; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 8

Gdpj n[Nuhk; vkpypahdp (1481-1537)

,th; ,uhZtj;jpy; Nrh;e;jhh;. ifjpahf;fg;gl;lhh;. GJikahf tpLjiy mile;jhh;. ,Jtiu cyf Nehf;Fld; tho;e;j ,rh; jk; tho;itj; jpUj;jp mikg;gjhf Njtjha;f;F thf;fspj;jhh;. FUg;gl;lk; ngw;wgpd;> nfhs;is NehapdhYk;> gQ;rj;jpdhYk; ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;j Foe;ijfSf;fhf Xh; ,y;yj;ij mikj;jhh;. czTg; nghUl;fs; thq;Fk; gb jkJ cilikfs; midj;ijAk; tpw;whh;. mdhijf; Foe;ijfisAk; Vio NehahspfisAk; guhkhpf;f xU Gjpa re;epahr rigia epWtpdhh;. gpd;dh; re;epahrpfs; rpWth;fSf;F fy;tp fw;gpf;fj; njhlq;fpdh;. jtwpa ngz;fSf;nfd;W ek; Gdpjh; xU ];jhgdj;ijAk; mikj;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ iftplg;gl;l Foe;ijfis fhg;ghw;wp Nkhl;rk; Nrh;g;gNj ghyh; rigapd; Nehf;fk;. nghpath;fSk; ,e;j rigapd; Nehf;fk; epiwNtw nrgpf;fyhk;. nghUSjtp nra;ayhk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> iftplg;gl;lth;fs; kPJ mDjhgj;ij vq;fs; cs;sq;fspy; vOg;GtPuhf.

ngg;Uthp 9

Gdpj mg;NghNyhdpah (fp.gp.249)

,ts; kzKbahjts;. Ntj fhyj;jpd; NghJ mtpRthrpfs; ,ts; kPJ jk; Nfhgj;ijf; fhl;bdhh;fs;.Kfj;jpy; jpUk;g jpUk;g mbj;jhh;fs;. gw;fs; midj;ijAk; gpLq;fp tpl;ldh;. J}\z thh;j;ij nrhy;yhtpl;lhy;> mtis neUg;gpy; J}f;fpg;NghLtjhf gaKWj;jpdhh;fs;. rpwpJ mtfhrk; jUk;gb mts; nfQ;rpf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhs;. mtis mth;fs; jdpNa tpl;L tpl;lhh;fs;. mts; clNd neUg;gpy; Fjpj;jhs;. ,J jw;nfhiy vd;W epidf;f KbahJ. ghpRj;j MtpNa mtisj; J}z;bapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. NtjidapypUe;J jg;gpf;Fk;gb Mrpj;J ,ij mts; ,ijr; nra;jhs; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. Vnddpy; Ntjj;ij kWjypj;jpUe;jhy; NtjidapypUe;J mts; jg;gpj;jpUf;fyhk;. xU ghtj;jpdpUe;J jg;gpf;f mts; ,d;ndhU ghtj;ijr; nra;jhs; vd;Wk; ehk; ek;gKbahJ.

rpe;jid @ ghtj;ij tpyf;f ek;khy; Mdijnay;yhk;> nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> cyfj;jpNy kpfg; ngUk; jPik ghtNk> mij ehq;fs; tpyf;f JizGhpAk;.

ngg;Uthp 10

Gdpj ];nfhyh];jpf;fh (480-543)

,ts; Gdpj MrPh;thjg;gUila jq;if. mth; xU rigia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. mth; ,Ue;j klj;jpw;F Ie;J iky; njhiytpy; ,ts; jd; fd;dpaUld; tho;e;J te;jhs;. mz;zDk; jq;ifAk; xUth; xUtiu kpfkpf Nerpj;jdh;. ,UtUk; Mz;Lf;F xUKiw re;jpj;J Qhd fhhpaq;fs; gw;wp tpthjpj;J te;jdh;. MrPh;thjg;gh; ,Ue;j klj;jpy; ngz;fs; Eioaf; $lhJ. vdNt rpwpJ njhiytpy; ,Ue;j tPl;by; ,UtUk; re;jpj;Jg; NgRthh;fs;. MtPh;thjg;gh; jk;Kld; rpy re;epahrpfisAk; mioj;Jr; nry;thh;. flTisg;gw;wpAk; guNyhfj;ijg; gw;wpAk; NgRthh;fs;. 543-y; Mz;by; xU ehs; ,UtUk; re;jpj;jhh;fs;. flTSila ed;ikj; jdj;ijg; gw;wpAk; Nkhl;rthrpfspd; Mde;jj;ijg; gw;wpAk; gfy; KOtJk; Ngrpdhh;fs;. khiy NeukhdJk; MrPh;thjg;gh; Nghf vOe;jhh;. ,uit me;j tPl;bNyNa nrytopf;Fk; gb jq;if mtiuf; nfQ;rp kd;whbdhs;. "re;epahrpfs; ,utpy; klj;jpw;F ntspNa jq;ff;$lhJ vd;whh;." clNd mts; Nkir kPJ fuq;fisAk;> rpuirAk; itj;J moj;njhlq;fpdhs;. cUf;fkhf flTis kd;whbdhs;. mz;zd; jd;NdhL jq;fp guNyhf fhhpaq;fisg; gw;wp Ngr Ntz;Lnkd Mrpj;jhs;. Vnddpy; mJjhd; filrp re;jpg;G vd;W mts; czh;e;jhs;. jpBnud fLkio nga;jJ. ,b kpd;dy; Koq;fpaJ. vq;Fk; nts;sf;fhlhapw;W. MrPh;thjg;guhy; ntspNa nry;y Kbtpy;iy. flTisg; gw;wp ,UtUk; ,uT KOtijAk; nrytopj;jhh;fs;. fhiyapy; MrPh;thjg;gh; jk; klj;jpw;f;Fr; nrd;whh;. %d;W ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF ];nfhy];jpf;fh ,we;jhs;. mtsJ Md;kh khlg;Gwh tbtpy; guNyhfj;jpw;Fr; nry;tij MrPh;thjg;gh; fz;lhh;.

rpe;jid @ Jwtpfs; jk; cwtpdiug; gw;wp kpQ;rpd ftiyf;F ,lk; nfhLf;ff;$lhJ Jwtpfs; xUth; xUtiur; re;jpf;Fk; NghJ guNyhf fhhpaq;fisg; gw;wp mjpfkhfg;Ngr Ntz;Lk;. "flTsJ r%fj;jpy; tho eP Xuhz;L fhykhf Kay;thahdhy;> cd;id mwpahkNy eP cj;jk jdj;jpd; rpfuj;ij miltha;".

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> guNyhf fhhpaq;fspy; ehq;fs; mjpf mf;fiu nfhs;sr; nra;tPuhf.

ngg;Uthp 11

Y}h;J md;idapd; fhl;rpfs; (-1858)

1858-Mk; Mz;L ngg;Uthp 11-Mk; ehspypUe;J [Piy 11-Mk; ehs; tiu gpuhd;]; ehl;bYs;s Y}h;J vd;Dk; 14 taJ rpWkpf;F Njtjha; 18 Kiw fhl;rp nfhLj;jhs;. 18 jlitAk; md;idapd; ifapy; n[gkhiy ,Ue;jJ. ghtpfSf;fhf nrgpf;Fk;gb> jtk; nra;Ak;gb jiuia Kj;jkpLk;gb>mw;Gj RidapypUe;J ePh; mUe;Jk;gb Njtjha; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhs;. md;idapd; ngaiu njhptpf;Fk;gb ngh;ej; jpUk;gj;jpUk;gf; Nfl;lhs;. khjh Gd;rphpg;Gld; fuq;fisf; Ftpj;J "ehd; mky cw;gtk;" vd;W nrhy;yp kiwe;jhs;.

rpe;jid @ khjh tpUk;gpf; Nfl;gJ Nghy ghtpfs; kde;jpUk;g nrgkhiy nrgpg;Nghk;. jt Kaw;rpfs; nra;Nthk;.

nrgk; @ mky cw;gt md;idNa> eph;g;ghf;fpa ghtpfs; kde;jpUk;g Ntz;bf;nfhs;Sk;.

ngg;Uthp 12

Gdpj thy;gh;fh (710-777)

,ts; 11 tajpy; xU fd;dpah; klj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;lhs;. gpd;dh; fd;dpah];jphpahdhs;> n[h;kdp ehl;by; gy fd;dpah; klq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;gb Gdpj nghdpg;gh]; ,tis mq;F mDg;gpdhh;. rpy Mz;Lfshf gapw;rp ngw;wgpd; ,ts; gNthpah ehl;bYs;s klj;jpy; jiytpahdhs;. mz;ikapypUe;j re;epahr klk; xd;wpy; re;epahrpfspd; jiytuhf ,tsJ rNfhjuuhd Gdpj tpdpghy;l; ,Ue;jhh;. thy;gh;fh tpNtfk; epiwe;jts;. Gz;zpatjp. vdNt re;epahrpfisAk; fz;fhzpf;Fk;gb ,ts; epakpf;fg;gl;lhs;.

rpe;jid @ Gz;zpa tho;T thOk; tpNtfKs;s jiyth;fis ekf;fj; jUk;gb mbf;fb ,iwtid kd;whl Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> jpUr;rigf;Fk; ehl;bw;Fk; Vw;w jiyth;fisj; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 13

Gdpj hpf;]p fj;hPd; mk;khs; (1522-1589)

,tsJ Qhd];ehdg; ngah; mnyf;]he;jphPdh. Jwtw rigapy; Nrh;e;jgpd; fj;hPd; vd;w ngaiu vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;. ,tSf;F MW taJ elf;Fk;NghJ je;ij ,tis fd;dpah; klj;jpw;F mDg;gpdhh;. rpy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; ,ts; tPl;Lf;Fj;jpUg;gpdhs;> cyfkhdJ ,tSf;F ntWg;Gf;Fhpajha; Njhd;wpaJ. vdNt> je;ijapd; mDkjp ngw;W Gdpj Rthkpehjd; rigapy; Nrh;e;J nfhz;lhs;. mg;nghOJ taJ ,tSf;F 13> taJ nrhw;gnkd;whYk; etfd;dpaiu elj;j ,tis epakpj;jhh;fs;. gpd; cgjiytpahdhs;. gpd;dh; jiytpAkhdhs;. rhFk;tiu ,e;j gjtpapy; ,Uf;f Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhs;.,ts; Gz;zpatjp vd;w nra;jp vq;Fk; gutpaJ. nghpa kdpjh; gyh; ,tis ghh;f;f te;jdh;. mth;fspy; %th; gpd;G ghg;G Mdhh;fs;. tpahof;fpoik NjhUk; ,ts; gutrkhths;. ez;gfypypUe;J nts;spf;fpoik gpw;gfy; ehd;F kzptiu ,J ePbf;Fk;. ,J gd;dpnuz;L Mz;Lfshf ele;jJ.

rpe;jid @ jdpikapy; ,NaRit Urpj;jgpd; cyfj;Jld; goFtJ ntWg;ig mspf;Fk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; jdpikiaAk; nksdj;ijAk; Nerpf;Fk; tuk; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 14

Gdpj rphpy; (827 - 869)

Gdpj nkNjhbA]; (826 - 889)

,th;fs; ,UtUk; rNfhjuh;fs;. fy;tpg;gapw;rp ngw;wgpd; ,th;fs; Njt Nritf;F ifaspj;jdh;. FUg;gl;lk; ngw;whh;fs;. njw;G u\;ah> gy;Nfhpah> nkuhtpah> jy;khrpah vd;Dk; ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W Ntjk; Nghjpj;jdh;. gpd;dh; jq;fs; Ntiyiag; gw;wpa mwpf;ifia ghg;ghdth; Kd; rkh;g;gpf;Fk;gb ,UtUk; cNuhikf;Fr; nrd;wdh;. ghg;ghdtNuh ,UtiuAk; Mauhf;fpdhh;. rphpy; cNuhikapy; ,we;jhh;. nkhuhtpah> nghN`kpah> Nghye;J ,e;ehLfspYk; ,tw;wpw;F mUfpypUe;j ehLfspYk; nkNjhbA]; Ntjk; Nghjpj;J mNef Mapuk; kf;fis nka;aq;flTsplk; nfhz;Lte;jhh;. ];yhtpa nkhopfisf;fz;L gpbj;jth; ,tNu. Ntj Gj;jfj;ij mk;nkhopapy; Mf;fpatUk; ,tNu. fisg;igAk; rypg;igAk; ftdpahky; tPuj;Jld; cioj;jhh;. vjphpfs; ,tUf;F Xahky; njhe;juT nfhLj;jdh;. midj;ijak; nghWikald; rfpj;J nkhuhtpah ehl;by; caph; Jwe;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ nka;aq; flTis mwpahjth;fs; mtiu mwpar; nra;Ak; gb nrhy;yhy; mth;fSf;Fg; Nghjpf;f ek;khy; ,ayhJ. vdpDk; ekJ tho;thy; mijr; nra;J Kbf;fyhk;.

ngg;Uthp 15

Gdpj Nghj;jpJ]; (-155)

,tUf;F 14 taJ elf;Fk;NghJ NtjtpNuhjpfs; gpbj;J murd; Kd; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhh;. "vq;fs; nja;tq;fis tzq;fpdhy; cd; capiuf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;" vd;W murd; nkhope;jhd;. me;j nja;tq;fis fhl;Lk;gb ek; Gdpjh; Nfhhpdhh;. ,th; cUf;fkhf nrgpj;jJk; rpiyfs; fPNo tpOe;J cile;jJ. ,ijf;fz;l murd; Nfhgq;fz;L ,tiu cghjpf;Fk;gb fl;lisapl;lhd;. ,tNuh Ntjidia rfpg;gjw;fhd gyj;ijf;Nfl;L cUf;fkhf flTis kd;whbdhh;. grpaha; ,Ue;j fhl;L kpUfq;fspd; Kd; ,th; epWj;jg;gl;lhh;. mitNah nrk;nkwpfs; Nghy ,th; Kd; gzpe;J fple;jd. ,ijf;fz;l kf;fs; ifj;jl;b Mh;g;ghpj;jdh;. clNd Gdpjh; "muNr ehd; Nrtpf;Fk; ,NaRtpd; ty;yikiag;ghUk;. ,dp vd;d nra;ag;NghfpwPh;?" vd;whh;. murNdh mtiu jiyia ntl;bf;nfhy;Yk;gb cj;jutpl;lhd;.

rpe;jid @ ehKk; ,tiug; Nghy mDjpd tho;tpd; njhy;iyfis rfpg;gjw;fhd gyj;ijf; Nfl;L cUf;fkhf flTis kd;whl Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; nrgj;ij Nerpf;Fk; tuk; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 16

Gdpj xNdrpK]; (-90)

,th; gphp[pah ehl;by; gpwe;J tsh;e;jth;. ,th; xUthplk; Ntiy ghh;j;J te;jhh;. ,th; mtuJ nghUl;fis jpUbtpl;L jg;gpf;f Nuhik efUf;Fr; nrd;whh;. mq;Nf rpiwapypUe;j Gdpj rpd;dg;giur; re;jpj;jhh;. mth; ,tiu kde;jpUg;gp ,tUf;F Qhd];ehdk; nfhLj;J nfhNyh];efh; gpykd; vd;gtUf;F xU fbjk; nfhLj;jdpg;gpdhh;. gpykd; vd;gthplNk mth; Kd;G Ntiy ghh;j;Jte;jhh;. xNdrpKir kd;dpf;Fk;gb fbjj;jpy; Gdpj rpd;dg;gh; Nfl;bUe;jhh;. ,e;jf; fbjj;ij Gdpj rpd;dg;gNu jk; ifg;gl vOjpdhh;. vjph;g;ghh;j;j gyd; fpl;baJ. xNdrpKir gpykd; kd;dpj;jhh;. gpd;dh; xNdrpK]; Gdpj rpd;dg;ghplk; jpUk;gpte;J mtUf;F gpukhzpf;fkha; Nrit nra;Jte;jhh;. rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;F gpd; rpd;dg;gh; ,tiu jpf;fpf;fp]; vd;gtUld; nfhNyh]; efUf;F mDg;gpdhh;. nfhNyhNraUf;F Gdpj rpd;dg;gh; vOjpa epUgj;ij vLj;Jr; nrd;wth; ,tNu.

rpe;jid @ ekf;F jPik nra;fpwth;fis kd;dpj;J mth;fSf;fhf kd;whLk; tuj;ijf;Nfl;L nrgkhiyapd; Ie;jhtJ Jf;fj; Njt ,ufrpaj;jpd;NghJ cUf;fkhf kd;whLNthkhf.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> vq;fSf;F jPik nra;fpwth;fis ehq;fs; nghWg;gJNghy vq;fs; ghtq;fisg; nghWj;jUSk;.

ngg;Uthp 17

khpahapd; Copah; rigia epWtpa

VO Gdpjh; (1233)

1231-Mk; Mz;bNy ,j;jhypa ehl;by; gpshud;]; efhpy; gf;jpAs;s VO thypgh;fs; trpj;J te;jdh;. ,th;fs; Njt jha; kPJ kpFe;j gf;jp nfhz;lth;fs;. khjhTf;Fj; Njhj;jpukhf njhlq;fg;gl;bUe;j xU rigapy; ,th;fs; Nrh;e;jpUe;jhh;fs;. mNj Mz;by; Mf];l; 15mk; ehsd;W mjhtJ khjh guNyhfj;Jf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehspy;> Njtjha; mth;fSf;Fj; Njhd;wpdhs;. mth;fs; cyfj;ij tpl;L tpyfp mtsJ Nritf;Fj; jq;fisf; ifaspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W Njtjha; tpUk;gpf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. gpshud;]; efUf;F mUfpYs;s fkhh;rpah vd;Dk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W xU Gjpa re;epahr rigiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;fs;. "Njtjhapd; VO tpahFyq;fs; kPJ re;epahrpfs; gf;jp nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j gf;jpia kf;fspilNa gug;g Ntz;Lk;." ,J mth;fsJ Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;. mth;fsJ cil vg;gbapUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W NjtjhNa fhl;bdhs;. ,th;fs; tPLtPlhfg; Ngha; jh;kk; Nfl;ghh;fs;. xUKiw ,th;fs; jh;kk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;ifapy; $l;lkha; epd;w rpy rpWth;fs; "khpahapd; Copah;fNs!" vd ,th;fis mioj;jdh;. me;j rpWth;fspd; kj;jpapy; gpypg;ngd;rp vd;w rpWtDk; ,Ue;jhd;. ,th; gpd;G Gdpjuhdhh;.

rpe;jid @ md;idapd; tpahFyq;fs; kPJ ek;kplk; mDjhgk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtw;iwg;gw;wp xt;nthU ehSk; rpe;jpj;J mw;gg; ghtj;ijAk; tpyf;Fk; tuj;ijf; Nfl;Nghk;.

nrgk; @ tpahFyKk; NerKk; ,uf;fKKs;s khjhNt> ehq;fs; mw;gg;ghtj;ijAk; tpyf;Fk; tuk; ngw;Wj;jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 18

Gdpj khp ngh;dnjj; #gpU (1844 -1879)

,tUila ngw;Nwhh; Viofs;> Fbahdth;fs; nghWikrhypfs; jq;fshy; Mdkl;Lk; cil> czT Kjypatw;iw ,tSf;fnfd nfhLj;J te;jhh;fs;. M];j;kh vd;Dk; nfhb Nehahy; ,ts; tUe;jpdhs;. 13 tajpy; kh Lfis Nka;j;J te;j ,ts; tay;ntspfisAk;> mofpa thdj;ijAk;> MLfisAk;> nrgkhiyiaAk; Nerpj;jhs;. GJed;ik thq;f ,ts; jd;idj; jahhpj;Jf; nfhz;lhs;. mr;rkaj;jpy; jhd; khjhtpd; mofpa fhl;rpfs; Njhd;wpd. 11-2-1858-y; mts; jd; jq;ifNahLk; rpNefpjpNahLk; tpwF nghWf;fr; nrd;whs;. md;W fhiyapy; gaq;fukhd Fsph;. khjhit 18 Kiw ghh;f;Fk; ghf;fpak; ,tSf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. khjh nfhLj;j Ntiyia ,ts; nra;J Kbj;jgpd; ,th; enth; efUf;Fg; Ngha; mq;Fs;s klj;jpy; fd;dpah];jphpahdhs;. 1866-y; Y}h;J efiu tpl;Lr; nrd;wts; jpUk;g me;efUf;F tutpy;iy. 30-10-1867-y; mts; rigapy; thh;j;ijg;ghLfis cr;rhpj;jhs;. klj;jpy; mts; Nehahspfisf; ftdpj;Jk; gypgPlj;jpw;fhditfisj; jahhpj;Jk; te;jhs;.,tis klj;jpy; mt;tsT ftdpj;jjhfj; njhpatpy;iy. xUth; ,ijf; fz;L jpifj;jhh;. ,ijf; fz;l ngh;dnjj; "ehd; flTsJ ifapy; xU tpsf;FkhW. tPl;ilg; ngUf;f tpsf;FkhW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. tPl;ilg; ngUf;fp Kbj;jJk; mij xU %iyapy; Nghl;L tpLfpwhh;fs;. mNjNghy; flTs; vd;id xU Kf;fpakhd Ntiyf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;. mt;Ntiy Kbe;Jtpl;lJ. ,g;nghKJ vd;id xU %iyapy; Nghl;Ltpl;lhh;" vd;W rhjhuzkhfr; nrhd;dhs;. ngh;djj; jho;r;rp epiwe;jts; jdf;Fj; Njhj;jpukhf xU Nfhtpy; fl;Lk;gb Njtjha; tpUk;gpdhy;. me;j Njitia ,ts; jk; gq;F je;ijaplk; njhptpj;jhs;. mtNuh "vq;fpUe;J gzk; fpilf;Fk;? Nfhtpiy vg;gbf; fl;LtJ?" vd;W rj;jkpl;lhh;. vg;gbNah gzk; fpilj;jJ. Nfhtpy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. Nfhtpy; mgpN\fk; elf;f ,Ue;jJ. ngh;dnjj; tpohTf;Fg; Nghftpy;iy. "ehd; NghNtdhdhy; vy;NyhUk; vd;idNa ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;ghh;fs;. guNyhf md;idiag; ghh;f;fg; NgWngw;wtshd vd;idg; ghuhl;Lthh;fs;. vd; gpwNf tUthh;fs;. vd; cilia njhl;L Kj;jkpl Mrpg;ghh;fs;" vd;W mts; nrhy;yp klj;jpNyNa jq;fptpl;lhs;. ,ts; Mz;lth; ghLgl;l R&gj;ijf; fl;bg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L 16-4-1879-y; caph; Jwe;jhs;.

rpe;jid @ gpwh; ek;ikg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. ehk; gpwiug; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Mirf;F ,lk; nfhLf;fyhfhJ.

nrgk; @ ghtkpy;yhky; cw;gtpj;j khpahNa ck;ikj; NjbtUk; vq;fSf;fhf Ntz;bf;nfhs;Sk;.

ngg;Uthp 19

Gdpj gh;ghj;J]; (-682)

,th; FUg;gl;lk; ngw;wgpd; ,tUila Mah; gpurq;fq;fs; nra;ak;gb ,tiu mDg;gpdhh;. ,th; gpurpq;fpg;gjpy; jpwik tha;e;jth;. me;ehl;L kf;fs; FUl;Lg;gf;jp Kaw;rpfis mDrhpj;J te;jth;fs;. mitfs; tpf;fpuf Muhjidia mLj;jit. me;j jPa gof;ftof;fq;fis vjph;j;J ,th; neLehs; NghhplNtz;bapUe;jJ. ,Wjpahf me;j kf;fSf;F Nguhgj;Jf;fs; tug;Nghtjhf Njhd;wpanghOJjhd; ,th; jk; ciog;Gfspd; gaidf;fz;lhh;. ,th; gpd;dh; Mauhdhh;. jhk; njhlq;fpapUe;j ey;y Ntiyia ,g;gjtpf;F te;jgpd;. Kw;wpYk; nra;J Kbj;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ flTs; ekf;Fj; je;jpUf;Fk; jpwikfisg; gad;gLj;jp Vuhskhf ed;ik nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Mh;tk; epiwe;e Mah;fisAk; FUf;fisAk; jpUr;rigf;F epuk;gj; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 20

Gdpj Af;Nfhpa]; (-743)

,th; gpuhd;rpy; xU FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. Gdpj rpd;dg;gh; vOjpa epUgq;fisg; gbj;J jpahdpj;jjd; tpisthf cyfKk; mjd; ,d;g Rfq;fSk; tPz; vd;W mwpe;J cyfj;ijj;Jwe;J re;epahrpahdhh;. ,th; Gz;zpathd; vd;w nra;jp gy jpirfspYk; gutpapUe;jJ. ,tiu Mauhf;f tpUk;gpdhh;fs;. ,tNu jk;ik kiwj;J itf;Fk;gb jk; re;epahrpfis nfQ;rpf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhh;. mth;fNsh nghJeyid tpUk;gpdhh;fs;.,Wjpahf ,th; Mauhdhh;. ,th; mg;Ngh];jyh;fisg; Nghy Mh;tj;Jld; cioj;jhh;. murd; jpUr;rigapd; nrhj;Jf;fis mgfhpj;jhd;. mtid vjph;j;jikahy; ,tiu ehL flj;jpdhd;. vQ;rpa tho;ehis ,th; nrgj;jpYk; jtj;jpYk; nrytopj;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ ve;jg; ghtKk; mh;g;gkhdjy;y. Vnddpy; xt;nthU ghtKk; flTSf;F epe;jidahFk;".

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; mw;gg; ghtj;jpd; Njh\j;ij mwpe;J xOFk; tuk; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 21

Gdpj jkpahd; ,uhag;gh; (1007 - 1072)

,th; ,sk; tajpNyNa ngw;Nwhiu ,oe;J jhpj;jpuj;jpy; tho;e;jhh;. gd;wpfis Nka;f;f mDg;gg;fl;lhh;. ,th; xUKiw ehzak; xd;iwf; fz;nlLj;jhh;. ,ij mth; jkf;nfd;W gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. cj;jhpf;fpw Mj;Jkhf;fSf;fhf jpUg;gyp nra;Ak;gb mij xU FUtplk; nfhLj;jhh;. me;j Mj;Jkhf;fs; ed;wp kwf;ftpy;iy. ,th; FUthfp Mauhdhh;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; klq;fspy; ,Ue;j Coy;fis ,th; mfw;wpdhh;. gzj;Jf;fhf gjtpfis toq;fp te;jdh;. ,th; mij njhiyj;Jf; fl;bdhh;. murd; jd; kidtpia tpul;b tpl jPh;khdpj;jhd;.mijAk; ,th; jLj;jhh;. Mz;lth; gl;l ghLfisf; Fwpj;J nts;spf;fpoik NjhWk; ,th; cgthrkpUg;ghh;. Njtjhiaf; Fwpj;J rdpf;fpoik gf;jpia Muk;gpj;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ ek; Kd;Ndhh; mDrhpj;j Gz;zpa Kaw;rpfis ehk; mDrhpg;gJld; ek; re;jjpahUk; mtw;iw mDrhpf;fr; nra;Nthk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> cj;jhpf;fpw Mj;Jkhf;fs; xU NghJk; ed;wp kwg;gjpy;iy vd;gij vy;yh kf;fSk; mwpe;J xOfr;nra;tPuhf.

ngg;Uthp 22

Gdpj ,uhag;ghpd; jiyikg; gPlk;

Gdpj ,uhag;ghpd; jiyikg;gPlk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; Gdpj ,uhag;gUf;F mfy cyf jpUr;rig kPJs;s mjpfhuj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ. mtiu mjpfhuj;Jf;F Nkk;gl;l mjpfhuk; G+kpapy; fpilahJ. ,NaR mtiu jk; jpUr;rigia fl;lg;gl ,Ue;j ghiwahfTk; mg;Ngh];jyh;fspd; jiytuhfTk; epakpj;jhh;. ,uhag;gh; fpwp];Jtpd; gpujpepjp. mjpfhuk; midj;jpw;Fk; Cw;W. Nghjpg;gjpy; jtwh tuk; ngw;wth;. ghpRj;j Mtp ,wq;fp te;jgpd; ,e;j mjpfhuj;ij mth; mg;gparpj;jhh;. A+jhRf;Fg; gjpyhf xUtiu epakpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W ,tNu $wpdhh;. A+jh;fSf;F Kjypy; RtpNr\j;ijg; gpurq;fpj;jth; ,tNu. vUrNykpy; $ba rq;fj;jpy; ,th; NgrpaJk;> nrhd;dJk; ,Wjpj; jPh;g;gha; midtUk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. ,th; cNuhikf;Fr; nrd;W jkJ jiyikg; gPlj;ij mq;F epWtpdhh;. Gdpj rpd;dg;gUld; Nrh;e;J jpUr;rigia mq;F fl;b vOg;gpdhh;.

rpe;jid @ Gdpj ,uhag;ghpd; ,lj;jpy; tUk; ghg;ghdtUf;F mfpy jpUr;rig kPJ mjpfhuk; cz;L.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> midj;Jyf tpRthrpfSk;> Fwpg;ghf Mah;fSk;> FUf;fSk; ghg;ghdtUf;Ff; fPo;gbe;J elf;fk; tuk; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 23

Gdpj nghypf;fhh;g; (69 - 155)

,th; 69-Mk; Mz;by; gpwe;jhh;. mg;Ngh];jyUk; RtpNr\fUkhd Gdpj mUsg;ghpd; rPlh; ,th;. 80- Mk; Mz;bNy ,th; fpwp];jtuhdhh;. Gdpj mUsg;gNu ,tUf;F FUg;gl;lkspj;jhh;. ,tiu ];nkh;dh efhpd; Mauhf;fpdhh;. jg;giuahd nfhs;iffis ,th; jk; KOg;gyj;Jld; vjph;j;jhh;. xU ehs; ,th; njUtpy; ele;J nry;ifapy; jg;giuf; nfhs;iffisg; gug;gp te;j khh;rpad; vd;gtidr; re;jpj;jhh;. mtd; ,tiug;ghh;j;J> "vd;id cdf;Fj; njhpakh?" vd;whd;.,e;jg; ghpRj;j Mah; mtidg; ghh;j;J "eP Ngapd; jiyr;rd; gps;is vd;W vdf;fj; njhpAk;" vd;whh;. Ntj tpNuhjpfs; ,tiug; gpbj;J mjpfhhpapd; Kd; epWj;jpdhh;fs;.,NaRit rgpf;Fg;gb mjpfhhpfs; fl;lisapl;ldh;. "86 Mz;Lfshf mtUf;f ehd; Nrit nra;J tUfpNwd;. mth; vd;id xUNghJk; iftpLtjpy;iy. vd; muriu vd; ,ul;rfiu vg;gb ,g;nghOJ ehd; rgpf;f KbAk;?" vd;whh;. ,tiu neUg;gpy; vhpe;jhh;fs;. neUg;G ,tiuj; njhltpy;iy. <l;bahy; Fj;jpf; nfhd;wdh;.

rpe;jid @ xUtdplk; cz;ikahd md;G ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mtd; xUNghJk; rhfkhl;lhd;.

nrgk; @ ghtkpy;yhky; cyFf;F te;j khpahNa ehq;fs; ghtkpy;yhky; cyfj;ij tpl;Lg; gphpAk; tuk; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 24

Gdpj khj;jh mUsg;gh; (1169 - 1213)

,th; gpwe;jTld; ,tUila jhahh; ,tiu flTSf;F mh;g;gzk; nra;jhs;. Viofsf;F cjtp nra;tJ rpW tajpNyNa ,tUf;F Nguhde;jk;. fy;tp fw;Fk; NghNj ,th; kUj;Jkidapy; NehahspfSf;F cjtp nra;J mth;fsJ fhaq;fisf; fl;Lthh;. FUg;gl;lk; ngw;W Kjy;Kiwahf jpUg;gyp epiwNtw;Wk; NghJ ,th; mG+h;tf; fhl;riaf; fz;lhh;. ntz;zhil jhpj;jpUe;j xU thdJPjh; ,th; Kd; Njhd;wpdhh;. rptg;Gk; ePysKk; fye;j rpYit xd;W mtuJ khh;gpy; ,Ue;jJ. xU if xU fpwp];jtd; kPJk; kw;nwhU if xU kfkjpad; kPJk; ,Ue;jJ. mtptRthrpfshy; mbikfshf;fg;gl;bUe;jth;fis kPl;f ,th; jPh;khdpj;jhh;. mbikfis kPl;gjw;fhf xU rigiaj; njhlq;f ,th; cWjp nra;jhh;. ,e;jr; rigiar; Nrh;e;jth;fs; fLk; xUj;jy; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Ch; Cuhfg; Ngha; jh;kk; Nfl;L gzk; Nrh;j;J mbikfis kPl;f Ntz;Lk;.

rpe;jid @ vj;jidNah Ngh; clYf;Fk;> cyFf;Fk; grhRf;Fk; mbikfshf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs;. mth;fs; Nky; ,uf;fk; nfhz;L mth;fis kPl;f Kay;Nthk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> eph;g;ghf;fpa ghtpfs; kPJ mDjhgj;ij kf;fspd; cs;sq;fspy; vOg;GtPuhf.

ngg;Uthp 25

Gdpj juhrPA]; (806)

,th; murhq;fj;jpy; cah;e;j gjtpfs; tfpj;jhh;. ,tiu nfhd];jhe;jpNehgps; efhpd; gpjhg;gpjhthf Njh;e;njLj;jhh;fs;. ,tNuh xU epge;jidkPJ gjtpNaw;f rk;kjpj;jhh;. clNd xU nghJr;rq;fk; $l;b Gdpjh;fspd; jpU cUtq;fSf;F tzf;fk; nra;tijg;gw;wp Vw;g;gl;bUe;j jfuhWfisj; jPh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj me;j epge;jid.

Nguurd; jd; kidtpia mDg;gptpl mDkjp Nfl;L mtUf;Fj; njhy;iy nfhLj;jhd;. ,th; tplhJ kWj;jhh;. mjdhy; Nguurd; Gdpjiu ntWj;J giff;fj; njhlq;fpdhd;. Mauhd ,th; jkJ tho;it nrgj;jpYk; jtj;jpYk; jk; FUf;fisAk; kf;fisAk; rPh;j;jpUj;Jtjw;fhf ciog;gjpYk; nrytopj;jhh;. Viofs; kPJ ,th; fhl;ba md;Ng ,tuJ kpfg;gpujhd Gz;zpak; vdr; nrhy;yyhk;. Nehahspfs; midtiuAk; re;jpf;Fk; gb mth;fsJ ,y;yq;fSf;Fk; kUj;JtkidfSf;Fk; ,th; Nghthh;.

rpe;jid @ nrgKk;> jtKk; gpwiu rPh;jpUj;j rpwe;j rhjdq;fshFk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> vq;fSf;fhfTk; mayhUf;fhfTk; ehq;fs; nrgpj;J jtk; nra;Ak; tuj;ijj; jhUk;.

ngg;Uthp 26

Gdpj nkf;jpy;J mk;khs; (1249 - 1298)

,ts; cah;e;j FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jts;. ,ts; VO tajpy; MrPh;thjg;gh; rigapy; Nrh;e;jhs;. Gz;zpaj;jpYk; gbg;gpYk; tsh;e;J te;jhs;. ,tsJ jho;r;rp> gf;jp> Mh;tk;> ,tw;iw fz;l nghpath;fs; etfd;dpaiu elj;j ,tisepakpj;jhh;fs;. ,ts; Nehahy; tplhJ Ntjidg;gl;lhYk;> Nj];Jjp ghl NfhtpYf;Fr; nry;ths;. flTs; ,tSf;F mNef fhhpaq;fis ntspapl;lhh;. kiwE}y; ty;Yeh; gyh; Md;k fhhpaq;fisg; gw;wp fye;J MNyhrpf;Fk; gb ,tsplk; Nghthh;fs;. jpU ,Ujag; gf;jpia ,ts; njhlq;fp gug;gp te;jhs;. xU ehs; ek; Mz;lth; ,tisg; ghh;j;J "eP fhiyapy; vOe;jJk; Kjy; Ntiyahf vd; ,Ujaj;Jf;F tzf;fk; nrYj;J. gpd; cd; ,Ujaj;ij vdf;F xg;Gf;nfhL" vd;W tw;GWj;jpf; $wpdhh;.

rpe;jid @ "kf;fs; vd;dplkpUe;J mUk;ngUk; fhhpaq;fis ek;gpf;ifAld; Nfl;fl;Lk;. ,J vdf;F kpFe;j kfpo;r;rpia mspf;fpwJ. mth;fs; vjph;g;ghh;g;gjw;F mjpfkhfNt ehd; vg;nghOJk; nfhLf;fpNwd;."

nrgk; @ ,NaRtpd; jpU ,UjaNk> ePNu vq;fs; ek;gpf;if.

ngg;Uthp 27

tpahFy md;idapd; Gdpj fgphpNay; (1838 - 1862)

,th; cyf Nehf;Filatuha; tho;e;jhh;. tpUe;Jfs; eldq;fs;> ehlfq;fis Nerpj;jhh;. tPl;by; vy;NyhUf;Fk; ,th; nry;yg;gps;isahf ,Ue;jhh;. ,th; nfl;ltUk; my;y> kpFe;j gf;jpAs;stUky;y. xt;nthU ehSk; G+ir fhz;ghh;. nrgkhiy nrgpg;ghh;. NtW gy nrgq;fisAk; nrhy;thh;. khrw;w khpahs; kPJk; Mz;ltuJ ghLfs; kPJk; jpt;tpa ew;fUizkPJk; ,tUf;F gf;jp cz;L. flTs; ,tUf;F nghy;yhj Nehia mDg;gpdhh;. Njtjha; jd;id Rfg;gLj;Jthshdhy; Jwtpahtjhf rhf;fspj;jhh;. G+uz Rfk; fpilj;jJ. vd;whYk; Jwtpahfhky; fhyj;ijf; flj;jpdhh;. khjh jpUk;gTk; GJikahf mtiu miof;f Neh;e;jJ. Jwtw rigapy; Nrh;e;jhh;. 1. klj;jpy; rl;lq;fSf;F EZEZf;fkhf fPo;g’gbe;jhh;. 2.flikia kpf rpwe;j tpjkhf gpukhzpf;fkha; nra;J te;jhh;. 3. tug;gpurhj VTjy;fSf;F clNd fPo;g;gbe;jhh;. ,k;%d;WNk GdpjuhFk;gb ,th; Njh;e;njLj;j topfs;.rpy rkaq;fspy; rypg;G Vw;gl; nghOJ Njtjhapd; cjtpia ehbg; Nghthh;. mtNs mtuJ tho;Tf;F capuha; ,Ue;jhs;. Ie;J Mz;LfSk; VO khjq;fSNk ,th; Jwtpahf tho;e;jhh;. ,tUf;F fhrNeha; te;jJ. rpYitapy; tiuag;gl;l ,NaRtpd; glj;ijAk; tpahFy md;idapd; glj;ijAk; neQ;rpy; itj;J thdj;ij Nehf;fp fz;fis cah;j;jp "X vd; md;idNa Jhpjkhf thUk;" vd;W nrhy;yp caph; tpl;lhh;.

rpe;jid @ rl;q;fSf;F fPo;gbjy;> flikia ed;F epiwNtw;Wjy;> flTsJ VTjy;fSf;F gzpjy; ,itNa GdpjuhFk; top.

nrgk; @ tpahFyKk;> NerKk;> ,uf;fKk; cs;s khjhNt> cq;fSf;fhf Ntz;bf;nfhs;Sk;.

ngg;Uthp 28

Gdpj nfhh;j;Njhdh khh;fhPj; mk;khs; (1247 - 1297)

,ts; kpf;f moFs;sts; xU gzf;fhu thypgd; ,tis Vkhw;wp flj;jpf; nfhz;L Ngha; tpl;lhd;. xd;gJ Mz;Lfshf mtDld; ghtj;jpy; tho;e;J ngUk; Jh;khjphpahf ,Ue;jhs;. xU ehs; jd; fhjyd; nfhiyAz;L fplg;gijf; fz;lhs;. mjpypUe;J ,ts; kzk; khwpdhs;. ghtj;Jf;F ghpfhukhf jtk; nra;a jPh;khdpj;jhy;. %d;W tUl ghpNrhjidf;Fg; gpd; mrprpahhpd; %d;whk; rigapy; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhs;. vQ;rpa 24 Mz;Lfis ViofSf;Fk; NehahspfSf;Fk; Nrit nra;tjpy; nrytopj;jhy;. ek; Mz;lth; gy Kiw ,tSf;F Njhd;wpdhh;. "ghtpfSf;Fk; topfhl;bahf cd;id Vw;gLj;JfpNwd;. mt ek;gpf;ifapy; Mo;e;jpUg;gth;fSf;F eP xU topNghy; ,Ug;gha;. ehd; fd;ndQ;ruhd ghtpfSf;F ,uf;fk; fhl;b mth;fis fhg;ghw;w> vg;nghOJk; jahh; vd;W mth;fs; cd; topahf mwpthh;fs;" vd;W xUKiw ek; Mz;lth; ,tsplk; nrhd;dhh;. ,ts; vjphpfis rkhjhdg;gLj;jpdhs;. fd;ndQ;ruhd ghtpfis kdk; jpUg;GtjpYk; Gfo; ngw;whs;. kde;jpUk;gpa ghtpfs; ghtrq;fPh;j;jdk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf mth;fis jd; Md;k FUtplk; mDg;Gthh;. Vuhskhd ghtpfs; ,t;tpjk; nrd;wikahy; me;jf; FU rypg;Gw;W ",j;jid njhOtq;fis Rj;jk; nra;a Ntz;b ,Uf;fpwNj" vd;W Kiwapl;lhh;. ,NaRtplk; khh;fhPj; ,ij njhptpj;jhs;. clNd Mz;lth; "kde;jpUk;gpa Md;khf;fis> ehd; trpg;gjw;F Vw;w ,y;yq;fshf mth; jahhpf;fpwhh; vd;W cd; Md;k FUtplk; nrhy;" vd;whh;. 29 Mz;Lfshf mts; fLk; jtk; nra;jhs;. Jd;gq;fisAk; NrhjidfisAk; rfpj;jhs;. xU ehs; Mz;lth; mtisg;ghh;j;J "vd; kfNs> cd; ghtq;fs; midj;Jk; kd;dpf;fg;gl;ld" vd;whh;.

rpe;jid @ xUtd; vj;jif ghtpahf ,Ue;jhYk; kde;jpUk;Gthdhdhy; jd nrgjg tho;thy; mNef ghtpfis kde;jpUg;gyhk;.

nrgk; @ ,NaRtpd; ,uf;fKs;s ,UjaNk> fd;ndQ;ruhd ghtpfis kde;jpUg;gyhk;.

khh;r; 1

Gdpj My;gpd; (469 - 549)

,th; gf;jpAs;sth;> re;epahrpahdhh;. rfy Gz;zpaq;fspYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;. nrgj;ij kpf kpf Nerpj;jhh;. Gyd;fis mlf;fp xLf;fp te;jhh;. rigapd; rlq;FfSf;F EZf;fkhf fPo;gbthh;. jkf;Fs; nrj;juhf> fpwp];JehjUf;fhfNt tho;e;jhh;. Mauhd gpd; jk; ke;ij MLfis Mh;tj;Jld; fz;fhzpj;J te;jhh;. vq;Fk; fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ,th; Mo;e;j jho;r;rpAs;sth;. jk;ik gadw;w xh; Copadhf fUJthh;. "flTspd; Copah;fspy; ehNd filad;" vd;ghh;.

rpe;jid @ Gyd;fis mlf;fp xLf;fp tUfpNwhkh vd xt;nthU ehSk; ,utpy; epj;jpiuf;Fr; nry;YKd; ek;ik ehNk ghpNrhjpg;Nghk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Gyd;fis mlf;fp Ms vq;fSf;F cjtp nra;Ak;.

khh;r; 2

Gdpj rpk;gpsprpA]; (-483)

,th; Xh; ghg;G. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; ,j;jhypa ehl;bd; tpRthrpfSf;F gy fhhpaq;fs; Njitg;gl;ld. mth;fsJ Njitfis ,th; rpwe;j tpjkhf Gh;j;jp nra;jhh;. fpof;fj;jpa jpUr;rigapYk; cgj;jputq;fs; cz;lhapd. Nguurd; xUtd; gjpjf; nfhs;iffis Mjhpj;J te;jhd;. rpy gpjhg;gpjhf;fSk; me;j nfhs;iffis Mjhpj;J te;jhh;fs;. ek; GdpjNuh fj;Njhypf;f tpRthrj;ij fhg;ghw;Wk;gb tPuj;Jld; jdpNa Nghuhbdhh;. Vnddpy; me;j rkaj;jpy; cyfpy; fj;Njhypf;f NguuNr fpilahJ.

rpe;jid @ jq;fSf;F cl;gl;lth;fspd; Njitfs; kPJ nghpath;fs; ftdkhf ,Uf;f NTz;Lk;. jq;fshy; ,ad;w msT mtw;iw G+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> jpUr;rigf;F jpwikahd jiyth;fisj; jhUk;.

khh;r; 3

Gdpj FdFe;jh (-1039)

,tSf;F gf;jpapy; ey;y gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ts; gNthpah ehl;bd; Nfhkhdhd Gspj n`d;wp vd;gtiu kze;jhs;. ,tSk; fztDk; tpj;juhf tho;e;jdh;. ,tsJ Ngh; fPh;j;jpiaf; nfLf;f nfl;l kdpjh; gyh; xd;W Nrh;e;J ,tisg; gw;wpa mghz;lq;fisf; $wpdhh;fs;. vd;whYk; flTs; ,tisf; iftpltpy;iy. GJik nra;J ,tsJ ngaiuf; fhg;ghw;wpdhh;. vhpfpw ,Uk;Gj; Jz;LNky; ,ts; ele;J jhd; khrw;wts; vd;W vz;gpj;jhs;. neUg;G ,sSf;F vt;tpj jPq;Fk; nra;atpy;iy. ,ujf; fz;l ,tSila fztuhd Nguurh; kpFe;j kfpo;r;rp mile;jhh;. ,tSila fzth; 1024-Mk; Mz;L ,we;jhh;. ,ts; jdJ nrhj;Jf;fs; midj;ijAk; ViofSf;Fg; gfph;e;J nfhLj;Jtpl;lhs;. ,ts; fl;bapUe;j klj;jpNy xU Jwtpahfr; Nrh;e;jhs;. gf;jp E}y;fisg; gbj;J neLNeuk; nrgpg;ghs;. fbd ciog;ghsp.

rpe;jid @ khrw;wth;fis flTs; xUNghJk; iftplkhl;lhh;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; khrw;wth;fshf tho cjtp nra;jUSk;.

khh;r; 4

Gdpj frPkPh; (1458 - 1484)

Nghye;J ehl;bd; ,uh[ FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ,tuJ ngw;NwhUf;F 13 kf;fs;. mjpy; ,th; %d;whtJ kfd;. mur muz;kidapy; tsh;e;j NghjpYk; RfNghfq;fis ntWj;J xWj;jy; Kaw;rpfis Nerpj;jhh;. midtiuAk; jk; rNfhjuh;fshfTk; kjpj;jhh;. jpUg;gyp> jpt;tpa ed;ik> ,NaRtpd; ghLfs;> flTspd; fd;dpj;jha; kPJ mjpf gf;jp cz;L. ViofSf;fhf jk; ngw;Nwhhplk; mNef cjtpfis ngw;Wf; nfhLg;ghh;. ghpRj;j fw;ig ,og;gijtpl rhf tpUk;GfpNwd; vd;ghh;. je;ij tpUk;gpf; Nfl;likahy; `q;Nfhp ehl;L kd;duhf ,ire;J me;j ehl;il Mz;Lte;jth; kj;jpah]; Nfhh;tpD]; vd;gth;. mtiu gjtpapypUe;J ,wf;f kf;fs; jPh;khdpj;jdh;. vdpDk; ,th; mur gjtp Vw;f Ntz;ba ,lj;ij mile;jJk; murUf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s Ntw;Wikfs; rhpgLj;jg;gl;ld. vd;W mwpe;J kfpo;r;rpAld; jk; CUf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhh;. Nfhtpy; fjTfs; G+l;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk; ntspNa Koe;jhspl;L ,utpy; neLNeuk; nrgpg;ghh;. jiuapy; gLj;Jwq;Fthh;. Njtjhia ‘vd; ey;y jha;’ vd;ghh;. kzQ;nra;a kWj;J tpl;lhh;. 26-Mk; tajpy; fhrNehahy; ,we;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ capiu tpl ghpRj;j fw;ig mjpfkhf kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; rhFk; tiu fw;Gs;sth;fshf ,Uf;f cjtp nra;Ak;.

khh;r; 5

Gdpj rpYit [hz;N[hrg; (1654 - 1734)

,th; ,sk; tajpypUe;Nj fpwp];jt Gz;zpq;fis rpwe;j tpjkhf mDrhpj;J te;jhh;. gpuhd;rp];fd; rigapy; Nrh;e;jhh;. ,th; jho;r;rp cs;sth;. FUg;gl;lk; ngwtpUk;gtpy;iy. vdpDk; nghpath;fSf;F fPo;gbe;J FUg;gl;lk; ngw;whh;. flTspd; fpUigahy; ,th; GJikahf mNef fhhpaq;fis nra;J te;jhh;. jd; rigapd; klk; xd;iw ,j;jhypa ehl;by; epWt Kad;w NghJ Jd;gq;fs; Vuhskhf te;jJ. tpNuhjpfs; ,tuJ ngiuf; nfLj;Jg; Ngrpdh;. mghz;lq;fis vq;Fk; gug;gpdh;. re;epahrpfs;> nrgj; jpahdj;ijAk; jtj;ijAk; Nerpf;fr; nra;jhh;. jho;r;rpAk; Jwtu fl;Lg;ghLk; ,thplk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpd. flTs; gy tuq;fis ,tUf;Ff; nfhLj;jhh;. gpd;tUk; fhhpaq;fis Kd; mwptpg;ghh;.

rpe;jid @ re;epahrpfis khj;jpuky;y> vy;NyhUNk nrgj;jpahdj;ijAk; jtj;ijAk; Nerpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> nrgj;jpahdj;ijAk; jtj;ijAk; Nerpg;gjw;fhd kd typikia vq;fSf;Fj; jhUk;.

khh;r; 6

Kj;jpg; NgW ngw;w n`d;hp #Nrh (1295-1366)

,th; 13-Mk; tajpy; re;epahrphpahdhh;. Ntj rh];jpuk; fw;wg;gpwF Ntjk; Nghjpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhh;. mjpy; Gfo; ngw;whh;. jdp egh;fis Gz;zpa ghijapy; elj;Jtjpy; ,th; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;.gy ehLfspy; ,Ue;Jk; ,tiuj; Njb kf;fs; tUthh;fs;. ,th; jt tho;T elj;jpdhh;. nghWikrhyp NehiaAk; gpwuhy; te;j cgj;jputq;fisAk; jk;kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l mghz;lq;fisAk; mG+h;t nghWikAld; rfpj;jhh;. "flTs; ey;yth;> vd;kPJ md;G fhl;bapUf;fpwhh;" vd;W mth; mbf;fb nrhy;thh; ghLgl;l ,NaRitAk; NjtjhiaAk; ,th; kpf Nerpj;jhh;. "NtjidahdJ kdpjid vdJ r%fj;jpy; md;Gf;Fhpatdhf;FfpwJ. Vnddpy; Ntjidg;gLk; kdpjd; vd;id xj;jpUf;fpwhd;. NtjidahdJ epr;rakhd top FWf;Fg;ghij. mope;J NghFk; cliy mJ mlf;fp xLf;FfpwJ. epj;jpaj;ij epidj;J thOk; Md;khTf;F czT Cl;LfpwJ" vd xUehs; ek; Mz;lth; ,thplk; $wpdhh;. "cyf kf;fs; cyfj;Jf;F gphpag;gLk;gb jq;fisNa ghpj;jpahfk; nra;J eufj;ij tpiyf;F thq;Ffpwhh;fs;" vd;Wk; "ntJntJg;ghd Md;khf;fs; rhthd ghtj;ij khj;jpuNk tpyfp elf;fj; NjLfpwhh;fs;. ,th;fs; jhq;fs; epidg;gijtpl mjpf Mgj;jhd ghijapy; elf;fpwhh;fs;" vd;Wk; ,th; mbf;fb nrhy;thh;.

rpe;jid @ rhthd ghj;jpuj;ij khj;jpuky;y. Mdhy;> mw;gg; ghtj;ijAk; tpyfp elf;f cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; mw;gg;ghtj;ijAk; tpyf;fp elf;f cjtp nra;Ak;.

khh;r; 7

Gdpj ngh;g;ngj;Jth>

Gdpj ngryprpj;jhs; (-203)

ngh;g;gj;Jth cah;e;j Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j xU ngz;. ngyprpj;jhs; mtSila mbik. ,UtUk; Qhd];ehdk; ngw;Wf; fpwp];jth;fshdhh;fs;. ,UtiuAk; ifJ nra;J fhlL kpUfq;fSf;F ,iuahfg; Nghl jPh;g;gpl;lhh;fs;. mth;fNsh gag;gltpy;iy. fpwp];jt Ntjj;ij kWjypf;ftpy;iy. Ntjj;ij kWjypf;Fk; gb mNefh; ngh;g;gj;Jthit mZfpf; nfQ;rpf; Nfl;lhh;fs;. mth;fspd; Kaw;rpfs; gydspf;ftpy;iy. taJ Kjph;e;j mtSila je;ij fz;zPh; tbj;J kfis kd;whbdhh;. mtsJ ifapy; ghy;Fbf;Fk; Foe;ij ,Ue;jJ> jha; md;Gk; mtis mirf;ftpy;iy. jdf;F tutpUe;j F&u Ntjidfis mwpe;Jk; mts; gpd; thq;ftpy;iy.

ngyprpj;jhs; fUTw;wpUe;jhs;. vl;L khjf; Foe;ij tapw;wpy; ,Ue;jJ. fh;g;gpzpg; ngz;fis nfhy;yf; $lhJ vd;w xUrl;lk; ,Ue;jJ. Ntj rhl;rp Kbia ,oe;J NghNtNdh vd;Wk; mQ;rpdhs;. fpwp];jth;fs; mtSf;fhf cUf;fkhf flTis kd;whb Foe;ij rPf;fpuk; gpwe;J tpl;lJ. vdNt ,UtUk; jiyntl;bf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ "tpRthrj;jpy; cWjpaha; ,Uq;fs;. xUth; xUtiu NerpAq;fs;. jhq;fs; gLk; Ntjidiaf; fz;L kdk; jsu Ntz;lhk;".

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; rhFk; tiu ckf;F gpukhzpf;fkha; ,Uf;Fk; tuk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 8

Gdpj ,iw mUsg;gh; (1495 - 1550)

Nghh;j;Jf;fs; ehl;by; gpwe;j ,th; ];ngapd; ehl;Lf;F Xbg;Ngha; xU gzf;fhuhplk; Ntiyf;F mkh;e;J mtuJ ML khLfis Nka;j;J te;jhh;. Kj;jpg; NgW ngw;w mtpyh> mUsg;guJ gpurq;fq;fSk; tho;Tk; ,tuJ kdjpy; gjpe;J ,th; jk; kdij khw;wr; nra;jd. jk; clikfisnay;yhk; tpw;W NehahspfSf;Ff; nfhLj;jhh;. mth;fSf;F Nrit nra;Ak;gb jk; tho;it mh;g;gzpj;jhh;. gpwuhy; jho;j;jg;gl tpUk;gpdhh;. mjw;fhf rpwpJ fhyk; igj;jpaf;fhuidg; Nghy; ebj;jhh;. gpd; xU tPl;il thliff;F mkh;j;jp me;F Nehahspfis Vw;W Nehahspfsplk; ,NaRitf; fz;lhh;. xU ehs; ,th; NehahspfSf;Fr; Nrit nra;ifapy; Xh; mw;Gjf; Fuy; Nfl;lJ. "mUsg;gh> vd; ngauhy; NiofSf;Fr; nra;tJ midj;ijAk; vdf;Nfr; nra;fpwha;. eP ViofSf;F nfhLg;gij ehNd ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwd; vdf;Nf cilaspf;fpwha;> vd;ghjq;fisNa fOTfpwha;" vd;W me;jf; Fwy; $wpaJ. ,th; gPlj;jpd; Kd; Koe;jhspl;LUf;ifapy; caph; tpl;lhh;.

rpe;jid @ Neuk; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ cd;dhy; ,ad;w msT ed;ik Vuhskhfr; nra;thahf.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Md;k Viofshd ghtpfSf;fhf nrgpf;fTk;> xWj;jy; nra;aTk; tuj;ij vq;fSf;Fj; jhUk;.

khh;r; 9

Gdpj cNuhik gpuhd;rp]; mk;khs; (1384 - 1440)

,ts; fd;dpah];jphpahf tpUk;gpdhs; vd;whYk; ngw;NwhUf;F ,dq;fp kzKbj;jhs;. kzKbj;jgpd;Dk; ,ts; jd; gf;jp Kaw;rpfis iftpltpy;iy. ehw;gJ Mz;Lfshf fztNuhL tho;e;jhs;. xUKiw Kjyha; rz;ilapltpy;iy. Jd;gq;fs; Vuhskhf te;jJ. fzth; ehL flj;jg;gl;lhh;. midj;ijAk; nghWikAld; rfpj;J flTspd; jpUr;rpj;jj;ij tho;j;jpdhs;. ,ul;rfh; gl;l ghLfisg; gw;wp mbf;fb rpe;jpj;J te;jikahy; Gyd;fis mlf;FtJ ,tSf;F vspjha; ,Ue;jJ. fhty; rk;kdR kPJ ,tSf;F mjpf gf;jp cz;L. 23-Mz;Lfshf vg;nghOJk; fhty; rk;kdirg; ghh;f;Fk; tuj;ijf; flTs; ,tSf;F mspj;jhh;. grhR ,tSf;F gaq;fu Nrhjidfis tUtpf;Fk; NghJ ,tSila fhty; rk;kdR Njhd;wp ,tis tpLtpg;ghh;.

rpe;jid @ ek; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xU fhty; rk;kdR cz;L. mth; vg;nghOJk; ek; mUfpy; epw;fpwhh;. mtiu ehk; mbf;fb epidf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kf;fpakhf ght Nrhjid tUk;NghJk; Mgj;J Neuj;jpYk; mtiug; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ck;Kila J}jiu fhtyhf vdf;Fj; je;jjw;fhf ckf;F ed;wp nrhy;fpNwd;.

khh;r; 10

(nrgh];l;) ehw;gJ Ntjrhl;rpfs; (320)

ek; Gdpjh;fs; midtUk; cNuhikg; gl;lhsj;jpd; xU gFjpapy; ,Ue;jdh;. ehl;bw;F ,th;fs; Kf;fpakhd Nritfs; gy nra;jpUe;jhh;fs;. xUKiw Fbf;f ePh; ,y;yhjjhy; tPuh;fs; rq;flg;gl;lhh;fs;. ,th;fs; cUf;fkhf nrgpj;J tPuh;fSf;F Fbf;f ePh; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jhh;fs;. Ntj fyfj;jpd; NghJ ,th;fs; Njtijfisg; gypapl kWj;jdh;. mjpfhhp md;ghfg; Ngrpg;ghh;j;jhd;. gaKWj;jpdhd;. mth;fisf; fl;b mbj;J tpyhg;gf;fj;jpy; Njhiy chpf;f cj;jutpl;lhd;. mJ fLq;Fsph;fhyk;. ntWk; clYld; mth;fis gdpf;fl;b kPJ gLf;fr; nra;jhd;. mUfpy; nte;ePhpy; Fspf;f trjpfs; nra;J mjpy; Ntjj;ij kWjypf;fpwth;fs; kl;Lk; Fspf;fshk; vd;whd;. gdpf;fl;bapy; gLf;Fk;gb 40 Ngh;fSk; nrd;whh;fs;. 40 Ngh;fSk; guNyhf fphPlk; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W xUkdjhf cUf;fkhf nrgpj;Jf; nfhz;L Nghdhh;fs;. "Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; 40 Ngh; NghUf;Fr; nry;fpNwhk;. 40 Ngh;fSk; ntw;wp thifr; #lr; nra;tPuhf" vd kd;whbdh;. Nghfpw topapy; xUtd; kdk; jsh;e;jhd; fpwp];jt kjj;ij kWjypj;jhd;. nte;ePhpy; Fspf;f njhlq;fpaJk; mtd; nrj;J tPo;e;jhd;. mUfpy; ,Ue;j fhty;fhud; xUtd; fhl;rp xd;W fz;ljpy; thdJ}jh;fs; 40 fphPlq;fisf; nfhz;L tUtijf; fz;lhd;. xUtd; nrj;J tPo;e;jijf; fz;lJk; me;j fhty;fhud; ghpRj;j Mtpapd; VTjYf;Ff; fPo;gbe;J ehd; fpwp];jtd; vdf;$wp Ntjrhl;rpahf caph; tpl;L 40-tJ fphPlj;ijg; ngw jFjp ngw;whd;.

rpe;jid @ murd; md;W nfhy;Yk;> nja;tk; epd;W nfhy;Yk; vd;ghh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; flTSk; clNd jz;bf;fpwhh; vd;gij ,q;F fhz;fpNwhk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ,Wjp tiu Ntjj;jpy; cWjpahf ,Uf;Fk; tuj;ij fpwp];jth;fs; midtUf;Fk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 11

Gdpj ANyh[pA]; (818 - 859)

,th; nfhh;Nlth efhpy; gpwe;jhh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; mJ ];ngapd; ehl;by; kfkjpahpd; jiyefuhf ,Ue;jJ. ,th; FUg;gl;lk; ngw;wJk; FUj;Jtf; fy;tp epiyak; xd;wpd; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. nrgj;jpy; kpFjpahd Neuj;ijr; nrytopj;jhh;. fLk; jt Kaw;rpfs; nra;thh;. midtUk; ,tiu kjpj;jhh;fs;. kfkjpa murh;fs;> Kjy; E}w;W Kw;gJ Mz;Lfshf fpwp];jth;fis Jd;GWj;jtpy;iy. vdpDk; fpwp];jth;fs; xU ngUe;njhifia thpg;gzkhf fl;Ntz;bapUe;jJ. 851-Mk; Mz;by; Ntj fyfk; Njhd;wpaJ.fpwp];jth;fis ek; Gdpjh; Cf;fg;gLj;jp te;jhh;. kfkjpa ngz; xUj;jp fpwp];jtshdhs;. mtis ek; Gdpjh; Mjhpj;J Ngrpdhh;. mjw;fhf mtiug; gpbj;Jf; nfhd;whh;fs;. mtNuh kfkjpa kjj;jpd; jg;giwfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b jk; eLtid kde;jpUg;g Kad;whh;.

rpe;jid @ tpRthrj;jy; ,Wjptiu cWjpahf ,Uf;fpwth;fSf;fhf fhj;jpUf;Fk; rd;khdj;ij eP mwpthahdhy; me;j rd;khdj;jpw;fhf cyf nry;tq;fs; midj;ijAk; Jwe;JtpLtha;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ck;Kila ghpRj;j Mtpia mDg;gp kde;jsh;e;jpUf;Fk; fpwp];jth;fis jplg;gLj;Jk;.

khh;r; 12

Gdpj nruhg;gpdh (-1253)

,ts; Foe;ijahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ je;ijia ,oe;jhs;. ,tSf;F xU nghy;yhj Foe;ij Neha; ,Ue;jJ. rpYitapy; njhq;fpa ,NaRitf; fz;Lghtpf;f tpUk;gpa ,ts; jd;idf; fbdkhd gyif kPJ fplj;j nrhd;dhs;. Ntiy nra;a my;yJ gpr;irnaLf;f ,tSilajha; ntspNa Nghd nghOnjy;yhk; mts; jdpNa gLj;Jf; fplg;ghs;. ifia Kjyha; mirf;f KbahJ. gLj;Jf;fple;jjhy; KJfpy; vq;Fk; Gz;fs; Vw;gl;ld. rPo; tbe;J nfhz;bUe;j cly; gyifNahL Nrh;e;J tpl;lJ. mtSf;F vjpNu Rthpy; ,NaRtpd; ghLgl;l R&gk; njhq;fpaJ. mtiuNa tplhJ Nehf;Fths;. "Mz;ltNu> vdJ fhaq;fis my;y> Mdhy; ckJ fhaq;fisNa epidj;J ehd; thLfpNwd;. vdJ Ntjidia nghWikahf rfpj;J> ,t;tpjk; ghtpfshy; ckf;F Vw;gLk; Ntjidia ehd; jLf;ff; $Lkhkhdhy; eykhapUf;Fk;" vd;ghs;. jha; ,we;jJk; mz;il tPl;Lf;fhuh;fs; ,tSf;F cjtp nra;a tpUk;gpdhh;fs;. vd;whYk; Gz;fspypUe;J te;j ehw;wj;ijf; fz;L gae;J gpd; thq;Fthh;fs;. ,ts; ,we;j gpwF ,ts; gLj;jpUe;j gyifapy; ,dpa kzKs;s mofpa kyh;fs; gy GJikahf fhzg;gl;lJ.

rpe;jid @ ehk; ek;ik kwe;J gpwiu mjpfkhf epidf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kf;fpakhf ,NaR ekf;fhfg; gl;l ghLfisg; gw;wp rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehd; Jd;GWk; NghJ ckJ ghLfis epidf;Fk; tuk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 13

Gdpj nkw;wpy;lh (895-968)

,tis ,sk; tajpNyNa xU fd;dpah; klj;jpy; tpl;L itj;jdh;. ,e;F ,ts; ijay; Ntiyf; fw;Wf; nfhz;lhs;. ciog;igAk;> nrgj;ijAk;> Qhdthrfj;ijAk; ,ts; Nerpj;jhs;. ,ts; ngw;Nwhh; ,tis kzKbj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;fs;. ,tSila fzth; muruhdhh;. gf;jpAs;s nkw;wpy;lhTk; murpahdhs;. gytpj Gz;zpaq;fshy; ,g;gjtpia myq;fhpj;jhs;. NehahspfisAk; Jd;Gw;NwhiuAk; re;jpj;Jg; Ngrpdhs;. ghkuh;fSf;F Ntjrf;jpaq;fisf; fw;gpj;jhs;. ifjpfSf;F cjtp nra;jhs;. ghtpfis kde;jpUg;g Kaw;r;rpg;ghs;. ,tsJ fzth; midj;jpYk; ,tNuhL xj;Jioj;jhh;. 936-Mk; Mz;by; murh; ,we;jhh;. clNd mtUila Md;kh ,iog;ghw;wpf;fhf ,ts; jpUg;gyp nra;tpj;jhs;. mjpypUe;J ,ts; cyf kfpikfisnay;yhk; Jwe;jhs;. ,tSf;F %d;W Mz;kf;fs; cz;L. %j;j kfDf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ kfDf;FkpilNa rz;il> ,ts; %j;j kfidr; rhh;e;J ,Ue;jhs;. ,e;jf; Fw;wj;jpw;fhf ntF Jd;gg;gl;L ghpfhuk; nra;jhs;. ,U kf;fSNk ,tis neLehs; nfh^ukhf elj;jpdhh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ ciog;Gk;> nrgKk;> Qhd thrfKk; Gz;zpa ghijapy; Kd;Ndw rpwe;j rhjdq;fshFk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; ghtpfs; kPJ mdjhgk; nfhs;s tuk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 14

Gdpj Ag;uhrpah (380-420)

,ts; jd; ngw;NwhUf;F xNu kfs;. kfs; gpwe;j gpd; ngw;Nwhh;fs; tpj;juhf tho tpUk;gpdhh;. jha; jd; kfSld; vfpg;J ehl;Lf;Fr; nrd;whs;. mq;F fd;dpahpd; klj;jpdUfpy; tho;e;jdh;. fd;dpah; fLe;jt tho;T elj;jpdh;. VO taJ MdJk; ek; Gdpij fd;dpah; klj;jpy; Nru Mirg;gl;lhs;. jhNah ghpj;jpahfk; nra;J kfis klj;jpd; jiytpaplk; xg;gilj;jhs;. rhFKd; mts; jd; kfis Nehf;fp "kfNs eP mur FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jts; vd;gij kwe;J tpL. jho;r;rpAld; flTSf;F Nrit nra;J th" vd;whs;. mtsJ kuzj;ijg; gw;wp Nfs;tpg;gl;l njaNjrpa Nguurh; ek; Gdpijia jk;kplk; mioj;J> xU thypg gpuGf;F mtis kzKbj;Jf; nfhLg;gjhf thf;fspj;jpUe;jhh;. Ag;uhrpah jd; ifg;gl murUf;F xU fbjk; vOjp "kzKbf;f ehd; tpUk;gtpy;iy. vdJ cilikfisnay;yhk; ViofSf;Fk; mfjpfSf;Fk; Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; nfhLq;fs;. mbikfs; midtUf;Fk; nfhLj;J tpLq;fs;" vd;Dk; nghUs;gl cUf;fkhf vOjpapUe;jhs;. fbj;ijg; gbj;j Nguurh; fz;zPh; tbj;jhh;. Nguurh; rhFKd; mtsJ tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;wpdhh;.

rpe;jid @ gps;isfs; cyfj;ijj; Jwf;f tpUk;gpdhy; ngw;Nwhh; ngUk; ghpj;jpahfq;fs; nra;Jk; mth;fSf;F mDkjp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ gpjhTf;Ff; fPo;gbe;J Njthyaj;jpy; jq;fpa ,NaRNt> ngw;Nwhiutpl ck;ik ehq;fs; mjpfkha; Nerpf;Fk; tuk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 15

Gdpj Y}ap]; khpyhf; (1591-1660)

,ts; jdJ 18- tJ tajpy; fg;Gr;rpd; rigf; fd;dpauhf tpUk;gpdhs;. ,tSila Md;kf; FU ,ij tpUk;gtpy;iy. gpd;dh; ,ts; kzKbj;jhs;. fzthpd; rk;kjj;Jld; ghhP]; efu Viokf;fSf;F cjtp nra;tjpy; Neuj;ijnay;yhk; nrytopj;jhs;. fztd; ,we;j gpd; Jwtpahdhs;. Vio Nehahspfisf; ftdpf;Fk;gb xU fd;dpah; rigia epWtpdhs;. Vio NehahspfSf;F cjtp nra;tNj rigapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;. NrhpfspYk; kUj;Jt kidfspYk; fd;dpah;fs; cioj;jdh;. Kjy; Mz;bNyNa 760 ghtpfis kde;jpUg;gpdh;. Viof;Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp fw;gpj;jdh;. KjpNahh; ,y;yk; mikj;jdh;. iftplg;gl;lth;fSf;F ,y;yq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. xr;nthU ehSk; 300 ViofSf;F czT nfhLj;jdh;. Vwf;Fiwa 900 ngz;fSf;F ciwtplk; mspj;jdh;. 1400 Ngh;fs; ,th;fis ek;gp tho;e;jdh;. rpyh; Nghye;J ehl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W> Nghhpy; fhakile;j tPuh;fSf;F Nrit nra;jdh;.

rpe;jid @ ViofSf;F tplhKaw;rpAld; Nrit nra;J th. ,NaRit ePq;fs; kjpj;J Nerpg;gijg; Nghy; ViofisAk; ePq;fs; kjpj;J NerpAq;fs;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Viofsplkha; ehq;fs; ck;ikf; fhZk; tuk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 16

Gdpj mgpufhk; (4-k; E}w;whz;L)

mgpufhk; jk; ngw;Nwhhpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;fpzq;fp kzk; Kbj;jhh;. tpuf;juhf tho tpUk;gpa ,th; kdk; Kbj;j md;Nw tPl;il tpl;L Xbtpl;lhh;. ,tuJ ez;gh;fs; ,tiuj; Njb miye;jhh;fs;. 17 ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd; ,th; nrgjpahdj;jpy; Mo;e;jpUe;jij fz;lhh;fs;. mth;fSld; nry;y kWj;Jtpl;lhh;. ,th; jk; ngw;Nwhh;fSila nrhj;Jf;fis tpw;W ViofSf;Ff; nfhLj;jhh;. F&g;gl;lk; ngw;whh;. tpf;fpuf Muhjid nra;j kf;fSf;F ,th; Ntjk; Nghjpj;J te;jhh;. Kjypy; ,th; nrhw;fs; gadspf;ftpy;iy. ,tiu epe;jpj;J Jd;GWj;jpdhh;fs;. ,tUk; kdk; jsuhky; cioj;J te;jhh;. %d;W Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF flTspd; tug;gpurhj cjtpahy; gl;lzj;jpYs;s kf;fs; midtUk; kdk; jpUk;gpdhh;fs;. khp vd;Dk; cwtpds; xUj;jp mtUf;F cz;L. ,tSila ngw;Nwhh; ,we;J tpl;lhh;fs;. ,tspd; nghWg;ig mgpufhk; Vw;W jdJ Fiff;F mUfpy; xU Fbir fl;b mjpy; mtis thor;nra;jhh;. mtSf;F Qhd tho;itg;gw;wpg; Nghjpj;jhh;. mtSk; Gz;zptjpahf tho;e;jhs;. 20 tUlq;fSf;Fg;gpd; mts; me;j ,lj;ij tpl;L Xb ght tho;T elj;jyhdhs;. mgpufhk; ,uz;L Mz;Lfshf mtisj; Njb miye;jhh;. jtwpg; Nghd Ml;il filrpahf fz;Lgpbj;J jkJ cUf;fkhd nrhw;fshy; mtspd; kdij khw;wpdhh;. mts; jd; Fbirf;Fj; jpUk;gpaNjhL jtWf;fhf vQ;rpa tho;ehnsy;yhk; jtk; nra;jhs;.

rpe;jid @ ghtpfisj; Njbr; nry;y ek;khy; ,ayhtpl;lhy; ekJ ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl ghtpfSf;fhf nrgpj;J jtk; nra;J mth;fis kde;jpUg;gyhk;.

nrgk; @ ghtpfSf;F milf;fyNk> ghtpfs; kde;jpUk;g Ntz;bf;nfhs;Sk;.

khh;r; 17

Gdpj ghl;hpf; (387 - 493)

,tuJ 16-Mk; tajpy; ,th; gpbgl;L mah;yhe;J ehl;Lf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lhh;. mtpRthrpahd xU kdpjhplk; ML khL Nka;j;jhh;. gpd;dh; jg;gpj;J INuhg;gh nrd;W> mah;yhe;jpd; mg;Ngh];jyuhFk;gb jk;ik jahhpj;jhh;. Kjy; nry];jpd; vd;Dk; ghg;ghdth; ,tUf;F Mah; gjtp mspj;J mah;yhe;J ehl;L kf;fis kde;jpUg;Gk;gb ,tiu mq;F mDg;gpdhh;. murd; jd; tPuh;fis mDg;gp ghl;hpf;ifAk; mth; Njhoh;fisAk; gpbj;J tur; nrhd;dhd;. fh;j;jh; caph;j;j tpohtd;W ghl;hpf; murd; Kd;dpiyapy; epd;whh;. ,NaRf;fpwp];Jtpd; ew;nra;jpia gw;wp mofhf mth;fSf;F vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. xNu flTs; %d;W Ml;fshapUf;fpwhh;. vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;f murdhy; Kbatpy;iy. mg;nghOJ ghl;hpf; xU rpW nrbiag;ghh;j;jhh;. Shamrock vd;gJ mjd; ngah;. mij gpLq;fp kf;fSf;Ff; fhz;gpj;J "xU jz;by; %d;W ,iyfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. %d;W Njt Ml;fs; flTshapUg;gJ mrhj;jpakh? vd;whh;. tpsf;fj;ijf; Nfl;l kf;fSk;> murDk; kde;jpUk;gpdhh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ ekJ ciog;G kpFjpahd gyd; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy; nrgj;jhYk; jtj;jhYk; flTsJ cjtpia Njl Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Mh;tk; epiwe;j Ntj Nghjfh;fis jpUr;rigf;F epuk;gj;jhUk;.

khh;r; 18

Gdpj naUrNyk; rphpy; (315 - 385)

,th; cyf fiyfis ed;F fw;whh;. jpUr;rigapd; KJngUk; je;ijah; vOjpa E}y;fisg; gilj;jhh;. Ntj Gj;jfq;fis ntF ftdj;Jld; thrpj;J te;jhh;. gpd; naUrNyk; efuj;jpw;F Mah; Mdhh;. mg;nghOJ jpUr;rigf;F cgj;jputk; kpFe;j fhyk;. Mhpa gjpjf; nfhs;if gutp ngUk; jPik tpistpj;jJ. ,th; 36 Mz;Lfshf Mauha; ,Ue;jjpy; 17 Mz;Lfis guNjr thrj;jpy; nrytopj;jhh;. fhuzk;> mth; cz;ikia Mjhpj;Jg; NgrpaNj. [Pypad; vd;gtd; Ntj JNuhfp fpwp];jtdhf ,Ue;J gpd; fpwp];Jit kWjypj;jtd;. fpwp];Jehjhpd; thf;if ngha;ahf;Fk;gb naUrNyk; Myaj;ij mtd; jpUk;g fl;l Kaw;r;rpj;jhd;. flTs; mtdJ Kaw;rpfis jtpL nghbahf;fpdhh;. ,ijnay;yhk; rphpy; jkJ fz;fshy; fz;lhh;.

rpe;jid @ "fpwp];Jtpd; rpYitiag;gw;wp ehk; ntl;fg;glf; $lhJ. rpYitiaf; fz;L rhj;jhd; eLq;fpf;nfhz;L XLfpwJ. czT> ePh;> mUe;Jk; nghOJk;> cl;fhUk; nghOJk;> gLf;Fk;nghOJk;> vOe;J ,Uf;Fk; nghOJk;> elf;Fk; nghOJk; xt;nthU nra;iff;F Kd;Dk; rpYit milahsk; tiuaTk;."

nrgk; @ X! rpYitNa> vq;fs; Vf ek;gpf;ifNa tho;f!

khh;r; 19

Gdpj #irag;gh;

Gdpj fd;dp khpahspd; J}a gh;j;jhTk;> ,NaRit tsh;j;j je;ijAkhd #irag;gh;> jhtPJ murhpd; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;. ,th; ePjpkhd; J}acs;sk; cs;sth; fw;ig Nerpj;jth;. jho;r;rp> nghWik jplk; ,tw;iw rpwe;j tpjkhff; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. Vioahf kiwe;j tho;T elj;jpdhh;. vdpDk; flTs; Kd; ,th; nry;te;jh;. G+kpapy; epj;jpa gpjhtpd; gpujpepjp> jpUf;FLk;gj;jpd; jiyth;. jpUf;FLk;gNk flTsJ nghpa FLk;gkhd jpUr;rigapd; njhlf;fk;. flTs; ,UngUk; jputpakhfpa jk; kfidAk; mtUila khjhitAk; ,Uthplk; xg;gilj;jhh;. vdNt jpUr;rigiaAk; ,Uthplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,th; ey;y kuzj;jpd; ghJfhtyh;. gy juj;jpduhd kf;fs; ek;gpf;ifAld; ,tuJ cjtpiaj; NjLfpwhh;fs;. ey;y kuzk; mila ,tuJ cjtpiaj; NjLfpwth;fs; ghf;fpakhf ,wf;fpwhh;fs;. ,thp;lk; Nfl;lij milahky; Nghdjpy;iy vd;W Gdpj mtpyhnjurk;khs; $Wfpwhh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ Gdpj #irag;giug; Nghy; Jd;g Neuj;jpy; nksdkhf ,Uf;f Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Gdpj #irag;gNu ehDk;> ehd; Nerpf;fpwth;fSk; vd;idr; rhh;e;jth;fSk; ghtkpy;yhky; tho;e;J ,wf;f cjtp nra;Ak;.

khh;r; 20

Gdpj cy;t;uhd; (-720)

,th; xU kd;dhpd; muz;kidapy; tho;e;jhYk; Gz;zpa tho;T elj;jpdhh;. cyf ,d;g Rfq;fs; jk;ik ,Of;f ,th; tpl;L tpltpy;iy. ,tiu Nguhauhf Mf;fpdhh;fs;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J gy Ntj Nghjfh;fs; ghP];yhe;J ehl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W Ntjk; Nghjpj;J> tpf;fpuf Muhjid nra;J te;j kf;fis fpwp];jtuhf;fpdhh;. ,jidf; fz;l ek; Gdpjh; jk; gjtpiaj; Jwe;J xU re;epahr klj;Jf;Fg; Ngha; Qhd xLf;fk; nra;j gpd;dh; Ntjk; Nghjpf;Fk;gb ghP];yhe;J ehl;Lf;Fr; nrd;whh;. mq;F mNdfiu kde;jpUg;gpdhh;. gy ehl;Lf;Fr; nrd;whh;. gy Mz;Lfshf mq;Nf cioj;jgpd;> Kd;dhy; Qhd xLf;fk; nra;j klj;jpw;F Ngha; jk;ik rhTf;Fj; jahhpj;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ cyf ,d;g Rfq;fs; ek;ik ,Of;f tpl;L tplf;$lhJ.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> mNefiu vq;fs; nrgj;jhYk; jtj;jhYk; ck;kplk; nfhz;Ltu tuk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 21

Gdpj nfhnyw; (1381 - 1447)

,ts;> jdJ ,y;yj;jpd; rkPgj;jpypUe;J xU klj;jpw;F ,utpy; Ngha; Njt];Jjp ghLths;. fd;dpah;fSf;F Ntiyf;fhhpahf mkh;e;J jt tho;T elj;j Kad;whs;. Md;k FU nrhd;dJ Nghy ,ts; milf;fg;gl;l xU miwapy; jt tho;T elj;jpdhs;. mq;F guNyhf fhl;rpfisf; fz;lhs;. guNyhf Fuy;fisf; Nfl;lhs;. gpuhd;rp];fd; rigia ,ts; rPh;jpUj;j Ntz;Lk; vd ,tSf;F mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Uth; Njt VTjYf;Ff; fPo;gbe;J ,tisj; Njb te;J> me;j rigia rPh;jpUj;j ,tis J}z;bdhh;fs; ghg;ghdth; ,tis Viof;fpshuk;khs; rigf;fd;dpaUf;F jiytpahf;fp fd;dpaiu rPh;jpUj;j G+uz mjpfhuk; nfhLj;jhh;. mNef klq;fis ,ts; rPh;jpUj;j jpUr;rigf;F Vuhskhd ed;ik nra;jhs;.

rpe;jid @ Ntjidia nghWikAld; rfpg;gJ Nkhl;rk; nrhy;y cz;ikahd topahFk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> kiwe;j tho;it ehq;fs; Nerpf;Fk; tuk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 22

Gdpj ];tPld; fj;hPd; (1331 - 1381)

,ts; rpWkpahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,tSila je;ij> gpuG xUtUf;F ,tis kzKbj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;. fztDk; kidtpAk; tpuj;juhf tho;e;J te;jdh;. jq;fis mlf;fp xLf;FtjpYk;> nrgpg;gjpYk;> md;Gr; nray;fs; nra;tjpYk; xUtiunahUth; Cf;Ftpj;J te;jdh;. ,NaRtpd; ghLfs; kPJ ,tSf;F mjpf gf;jp cz;L. cNuhik Ntj rhl;rpfspd; jpUg;gz;lq;fis ,ts; te;jpf;f tpUk;gpajw;fhf cNuhikf;Fr; nrd;whs;. mq;F ,tSila jhahd Gdpj gphp[pl; vd;gts; ,we;jhs;. gpd;dh; ,tSila jha; ,Ue;j klj;jpd; jiytpahf ,ts; epakpf;fg;gl;lhs;. Md;khtpd; MWjy;fs; vd;Dk; mofpa E}iy vOjpdhs;.

rpe;jid @ Mz;lth; gl;l ghLfs; kPJ cz;ikahd gf;jp ,Uf;Fkhdhy; Gyd;fis mlf;FtJ ekf;F vspjhf ,Uf;Fk;. rpYitg;ghij nrgpf;fpwth;fs; ,ijf; ftdpg;ghh;fshf.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ckJ ghLfs; kPJ cz;ikahd gf;jpia vq;fSf;Fj; jhUk;.

khh;r; 23

Gdpj Jh;gpA]; (1538 - 1606)

,th; ];ngapd; ehl;by; xU gpuG Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; Gfo; ngw;w gy;fiyf;fofnkhd;wpy; rl;lf;fy;tp fw;gpj;J te;jhh;. mG+h;t jpwik gilj;jth;. Mo;e;j gf;jpAs;sth;. 40-Mk; tajpy; FUg;gl;lk; nkw;whh;. 42-Mk; tajpy; ngUehl;bd; Nguhauhdhh;. 26 Mz;Lfshf ,th; yPkh efhpy; cioj;jhh;. ,tuJ ciog;igf; fz;L midtUk; mjprapj;jhh;fs;. kdpjd; ,t;tsT ciof;f KbAkh vd;W Mr;rhpag;gLthh;fs;. me;ehl;by; gutpapUe;j jPikfs; ,tuJ jt Kaw;rpfshYk; mauh ciog;gpdhYk; kiwe;J xope;J 5>000 iky;fSf;F mjpfkhf ,th; gpuahzk; nra;jpUf;fpwhh;. mNeakhf ,th; vg;nghOJk; ele;Nj nry;thh;. Vwf;Fiwa Ie;J ylrk; RNjrpfSf;F Qhd];ehdKk;> cWjpg;G+RjYk; nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mth;fspy; %th; jpUr;rigapy; Gdpjuhf Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,th; jkJ 68 -Mk; tajpy; ,we;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ "Neuk; ek;KilaJ my;y. mJ ekf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd jy;y. Neuj;ij ehk; vt;tpjk; gad;gLj;jpNdhk; vd;W flTs; jk;kplk; fz;bg;ghd fzf;Ff; Nfl;ghh;."

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ePh; nfhLj;j Neuj;ij ehq;fs; gad;gLj;jp Vuhskhf ed;ikr; nra;Ak; tuk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 24

Gdpj Njhkpdpf; rhtpNah (1842 - 1857)

,tUila jhAk; je;ijAk; ,tUf;F> ,y;yj;jpy; rpwe;j fy;tpg;gapw;rp mspj;J cj;jk fpwp];jt tho;T elj;j ,tUf;F topfhl;bdhh;fs;. gq;Fj; je;ij flTs; kPJ gf;jpiaAk;> Njtjhapd; kPJ md;igAk; ,tuJ cs;sj;jpy; Cw;wpdhh;. Njhkpdpf; xt;nthU ehSk; mjpfhiyapy; Ie;J kzpf;F NfhtpYf;Fg; Ngha; jpUg;gypf;F cjtp nra;thh;. gpd;dh; Nfhtpypy; ,Ue;J gf;jp Kaw;rpfis mDrhpg;ghh;. kioahdhYk;> ntapyhdhYk;> gdpf;fl;b ciwe;jpUe;jhYk; gaq;fu Nfhil fhykhf ,Ue;jhYk; rpWtid vg;nghOJk; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuq;fspy; Nfhtpypy; fhzyhk;. flTSf;F Nrit nra;tJ ekf;F kfpo;r;rpia jUfpwJ. flTis kf;fs; Nerpf;fr; nra;tJ ty;yikAs;s mg;Ngh];jy NtiyahFk;. ,t;Tz;ikfis ek; Gdpjh; Gdpj [hz;Ngh];NfhtplkpUe;J fw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. "Njhkpdpf; Nghd;w rpWtd; jhd; Qhd];ehdj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l J}a;ikia rhFk; tiu fhg;ghw;w tPuj;Jld; Nghh; Ghpthdhdhy; mtd; cz;ikahfNt Gdpjd;" vd;W ,tiug; gw;wp Gdpj gj;jhk; gj;jpehj ghg;G $wpdhh;. ",th; cj;jk fpwp];jt tho;T elj;jp J}a;ik> gf;jp> Mh;tk; vd;Dk; %d;W Cw;WfspypUe;J gyk; ngw;whh; vd;W 11- Mk; gj;jpehj ghg;G $wpdhh;.

rpe;jid @ Mz;ltNu> ehd; ck;ik kdk; Nehfr; nra;Ak; Mgj;jpy; ,Ug;gij vg;NghjhtJ ePh; fhz;gPuhdhy; clNd vd;id ck;kplk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. ghtj;ij tpl rhitNa tpUk;GfpNwd;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ghtj;ij tpl rhitNa ehq;fs; tpUk;Gk; tuk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 24

fpwp];J gpwg;gpd; mwptpg;G

,d;W jpUr;rigahdJ ,uz;L tpohf;fisf; nfhz;lhLfpwJ. fd;dpkhpahs;> tu ,Ue;j cyf ,ul;rfhpd; jhahf Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; Rg nra;jpia mwptpf;f fgphpNay; mjpJ}jh; te;j tpoh@ ghpRj;j jpUj;Jtj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; Mshfpa Rjd; khpahspd; clypy; ghpRj;j Mtpapd; ty;yikahy; kdpj clYk; kdpj Md;khTk; vLj;jtpoh. khpahs; Njt rpj;jj;Jf;Fg; gzpe;jhs;. clNd ,iwtd; kD\ mtjhuk; nra;jhh;. jhtPjpd; FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;j xU fd;dpg;ngz; flTspd; khjhthfp tpl;lhs;. fd;dpkhpahs; flTspd; jha;. mtsplk; kfdha; gpwe;jth; flTs;. khpahs; cyf ,ul;rfhpd; jha;. ekf;fhf jk; ,uj;jj;ij tbj;jthpd; jha;. ,NaR jk; guk gpjhitAk; ghpRj;j MtpiaAk; te;jpj;jhh;. md;G nra;jhh;. mLj;jgbahf jk; jhia te;jpj;jhh; md;G nra;jhh;. VRtpd; jhia md;G nra;ahjtd; ,NaRitf; fz;Lghtpg;gjpy;iy. fd;dpkhpahs; khdpl re;jjpapd; khjh. vdNt ehk; mtis md;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;. te;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;j Mtpapdhy; rfy rpU\;bfSf;Fk; Nkyhf mh;r;rpf;fg;gl;lts; mts;. kD cUrthd Njt Rjdpd; jhahf Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l mts; ekf;Fk; jhahf jug;gl;lhs;.

rpe;jid @ xUKiw Njtjha; Gdpj n[h;j;JUj; mk;khSf;Fj; Njhd;wp ",Njh ehd; Mz;ltUila mbik vd;W ehd; nrhd;d NghJ mile;j kfpo;r;rpia gf;jpAld; vdf;F epidT+l;b vd; cjtpiaj; NjLk; midtUf;Fk; ehd; cz;ikahfNt jhahf ,Ug;Ngd;. jtwhky; mth;fSf;F cjtp nra;a tUNtd;" vd;whs;.

nrgk; @ ghtkpy;yhky; cw;gtpj;j khpahNa> ,iwtDila jhahf ePh; ,zq;fpajw;fhf ckf;F ed;wp nrhy;fpNwd;.

khh;r; 26

Gdpj Y}l;rh; (744 - 809)

,th; gphp];yhe;J ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;. fpuNfhhp vd;Dk; Mah; ,tUf;Fj; jdpgapw;rp mspj;J ,tiu ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F mDg;gpdhh;. ehyiu Mz;Lfshf mq;F fy;tp gapd;w gpd; jk; ehl;bw;F jpUk;gp te;J FUg;gl;lk; ngw;W Ntjk; Nghjpj;jhh;. gpd;dh; Gdpj MrPh;thjg;gh; rigapy; Nrh;e;J> rigapd; thh;j;ijg;ghLfis cr;rhpf;ftpy;iy. vdpDk; rigapd; EZEZf;fkhf mDrhpj;jhh;. fhh;Nyh]; murh; gphP];yhe;J ehl;by; mtpRthrpfis Kwpabj;jhh;. clNd ,th; jk; ehl;Lf;Fj; jpUk;gp mNefiu kde;jpUg;gpdhh;. tpUg;gkpd;wp Mah; gjtpia Vw;whh;. xt;nthU ehSk; gyKiw Ntjhfkj;ijg; gw;wp kiwAiufs; epfo;j;Jthh;. ,th; fLk; jt Kaw;rpfs; nra;thh;. vd;Dk; ntspf;F rhjhuzkhfNt fhzg;gl;lhh;. Mq;fhhpfspd; Kd; ,th; mirahj ghiw Nghy; ,Ug;ghh;. Viofsplk; kpf md;G fhl;bdhh;. ahtUk; vg;nghOJk; ,tUld; Ngryhk;. jkf;F mj;jpahtrpakhditfis itj;Jf; nfhz;L kPjpia ViofSf;Ff; nfhLg;ghh;. tho;tpd; filrp ehs; tiu cioj;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ ekf;F Njitapy;yhjij ViofSld; gfph;e;J nfhs;tJ ey;yJ.

nrgk; @ ,NaRNt> vq;fSf;F jho;r;rpiaAk; rhe;j Fzj;ijAk; jhUk;.

khh;r; 27

Gdpj fj;ngh;l; (639 - 687)

,th; ,uhZtj;jpy; Nrh;e;J xU Nghhpy; gq;F gw;wpdhh;. rkhjhdk; Vw;gl;l gpd; re;epahrpahfp> mwptpYk; ghpRj;j jdj;jpYk; tsh;e;J te;jhh;. GJik nra;Ak; tuj;ij flTs; ,tUf;Fj; je;jhh;. gpd;dh; hpg;gd; efh; klj;jpy; tpUe;jpdiu tuNtw;W cgrhpj;J te;jhh;. klj;jpy; xU gpsT Vw;gl;lJ. Mz;lth; caph;j;j tpohit ve;j ehspy; nfhz;lhLtJ vd;gNj gpstpd; fhuzk;. 664-Mk; Mz;by; $ba rq;fk; caph;j;j tpoh nfhz;lhLk; ehis jPh;khdpj;J> mjw;F mth; fPo;gbe;jhh;. gpd; ,tiu xU klj;jpd; jiytuhf;fpdhh;fs;. ,th; jkJ tpNtfj;jpdhYk;> nghWikapdhYk;> Gdpj tho;thYk; re;epahrpfis ey;yth;fshfTk; fPo;gbjy; cs;sth;fshfTk; Mf;fpdhh;. gpd;dh; Mau; Mdhh;. jk;kplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l kf;fis mh;r;rpg;gjw;fhf Mh;tj;Jld; cioj;J ntw;wp ngw;whh;.

rpe;jid @ ngw;Nwhh;> Mrphpah;> Mah; FUf;fs; MfpNahh; jq;fisr; rhh;e;jth;fis Gdpjg;gLj;Jtjpy; fisf;Fk; tiu ciof;f Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> jpUr;rigf;F rpwe;j ngw;Nwhh; Mrphpah; MfpNahiuj; jhUk;.

khh;r; 28

Gdpj ngh;j;Njhy;l; (-1159)

gy];jpdhit kPl;f Gdpj ngh;dhh;J tPuh;fis jpul;bf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,th; mth;fNshL Nrh;e;jhh; Nghhpd; NghJ ,th; rhtpypUe;J jg;gpj;jhh;. ,jw;F ed;wpahf ,th; Xh; ,lj;jpy; Ngha; jdptho;T elj;jp te;jhh;. mq;F NtW gy tdthrpfSk; ,Ue;jdh;. ,tUila rNfhjuh; me;jpNahf;fpah efhpy; gpjhg;gpjhthfTk; ghg;Gtpd; gpujpepjpahfTk; ,Ue;jhh;. mtuJ tpUg;gj;Jf;F fPo;gbe;J ,th; xU re;epahr rigia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. me;j rig Njt jhapd; ghJfhg;gpy; itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tiuNa re;epahrpfspd; jiytuhf;fpdhh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ flTs; ek;ik mNef Nguhgj;JfspypUe;J jg;Gtpj;jpUf;fpwhh;. ,jw;fhf flTSf;F ehk; mbf;fb ed;wp nrYj;jp ifk;khwhf VjhtJ nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; ckf;F xU NghJk; ed;wp kwthjpUf;f jia nra;Ak;.

khh;r; 29

Gdpj &g;ngh;l; (718)

,th; rpy Njhoh;fNshL xU rpw;wuriu mZfpdhh;. mtuJ mDkjpapd;wp Ntjk; Nghjpf;ff; $lhJ. murh; ,tiu tuNtw;whh;. ,tuJ nrhw;fSf;F nrtp nfhLj;J Qhd];ehdk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. muruJ ed;khjphpiag; gpd;gw;wp gpuGf;fSk; rhjhuz Fbkf;fSk; Ntjj;jpy; Nrh;e;jhh;fs;. mtpRthrpfspd; Myaq;fs; fpwp];jt Nfhapy;fshf khw;wg;gl;ld. Gjpa Nfhapy;fSk; fl;lg;gl;lJ. murh; ,tUf;F Xh; Ciuf; nfhLj;jhh;. mq;F ,th; xU NfhapYk; re;epahrpfspd; klKk; gs;spf;$lKk; fl;bdhh;. ,tuhy; kde;jpUk;gpa kf;fs; ehfhPfKs;sth;fshf thOk;gbahf ,q;F ngUk; Kaw;rp nra;J mjpy; ntw;wpAk; ngw;whh;. mth;fSf;F njhopy; gapw;rp mspf;fTk; top tFj;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ kde;jpUk;gpa kf;fis ,Wjp tiu fhj;J mth;fs; tsKld; thor; nra;tJ jiyth;fspd; flik.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> Mh;tk; epiwe;j jiyth;fis vq;fSf;Fj; jhUk;.

khh;r; 30

Gdpj f;spkhf; mUsg;gh; (515 - 606)

,th; 16 tajhdJk; cyfj;ijj; Jwe;J jk;ikNa flTSf;F mh;g;gzk; nra;J Jwtpahdhh;. gpd;dh; klj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; nghpa rpNu\;luhfTk; Mdhh;. ,tuJ ngaUk; fPh;j;jpAk; vt;tsT gutpaJ vd;why; mg;nghOJ ghg;Gthf ,Ue;j Gdpj nghpa fpuNfhhpahh;> ,tUf;F fbjk; vOjp> jkf;fhf nrgpf;Fk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. ,th; kpFe;j jho;r;rp cs;sth;. jkf;Ff; flTs; nfhLj;j Rght nfhilfisAk; Rghtj;jpw;F Nkyhd nfhilfisAk; jk;khy; ,ad;w msT kiwj;J te;jhh;. ez;gh; xUtuJ tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,zq;fp ‘gufjpf;F Vzpg;gbfs;’ vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpdhh;. f;spkhf; vd;W ngah; te;jJ. rhtjw;F rw;WKd; gjtpia tpl;L tpyfpdhh;. ,iltplhJ guNyhfj;ijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;jhh;. flTspd; md;ig tho;j;JtJ ,g;G+kpapy; mtUf;F Mde;jkhfTk; MWjyhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. jkJ nray;fisg; gw;wp xU NghJk; kfpokhl;lhh;. jho;r;rp miltjw;F nksdk; rpwe;j top vd;W mwpe;jpUe;jhh;. vtuJ mgpg;gpuhaj;ijAk; vjph;j;J NgRtJk; ahNuhLk; thf;Fthjk; nra;aTk; khl;lhh;. flTNshL xd;wpj;J thope;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ "nrgpf;Fk; nghOJ cah;e;j nrhw;fis tpUk;ghNj. Foe;ijapd; koiyr; nrhw;fs; ek; guNyhf je;ijf;Fg; gphpakhdit.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> ehq;fs; vy;yhNuhLk; rkhjhdkhf tho cjtp nra;Ak;.

khh;r; 31

Gdpj ngQ;rkpd; (-424)

ghurPf ehl;by; fpwp];jth;fs; mikjpahf tho;e;J te;jhh;fs;. 424-Mk; Mz;by; mg;jh]; vd;Dk; Mah; xUth;> tpNtfkpd;wp ghurPfUila nja;tkhfpa mf;fpdp Njtijapd; Myaj;ij neUg;ghy; vhpj;J tpl;lhh;. ,ijf;fz;l murd; fLq;Nfhgk; nfhz;L "vhpf;fg;gl;l Myaj;ij Mah; jpUk;gf; fl;bnfhLf;f Ntaz;Lk; my;yhtpby; fpwp];jth;fsJ Nfhtpy;fs; midj;ijAk; mopg;Ngd;" vd;whd;. Mah; fl;bf; nfhLf;f kWj;jjhy;> fpwp];jth;fspd; Nfhtpy;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. Mah; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. nfhba fyhgid njhlq;fpaJ. Jd;GWj;jg;gl;lth;fspy; xUth; ngQ;rkpd;. ,th; jpUj;njhz;lh; vd;w gl;lk; ngw;wth;. ,tiu rpiwapy; milj;jhh;fs;. "muz;kidapy; ,Ue;jth;fsplk; fpwp];jt Ntjj;ijg; gw;wp Ngrf;$lhJ" vd;w epge;jid kPJ Nguurhpd; gpujpepjp xUth; ,tUf;F tpLjiy ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jhh;. "fpwp];J ehjiug; gw;wp NgRtJ vdJ flik> ehd; nksdkhf ,Uf;f KbahJ" vd;W $wpdhh;. ,tiug;gpbj;J tijj;Jf; nfhd;whh;fs;.

rpe;jid @ fpwp];Jehjiug; gw;wp xt;thU fpwp];jtDk; jdJ ey;tho;tpy; mjpf typikAld; Ngryhk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> fpwp];jth;fs; midtUk; jq;fs; miog;Gf;F Vw;g ey;tho;T tho fpUig nra;Ak;.

tptpypa Kd;Diu

tptpypar; rq;fq;fspd; ,izaKk; (United Bible Societirs) tj;jpf;fhd; xd;wpg;Gr; nrayfKk; (Secretariate for Christian Unity) ,ize;J nghJ nkhopngah;G nra;Ak; Nfhl;ghl;il 1968-,y; ntspapl;ld. mjd; mbg;gilapy; 1972-Mk; Mz;L jkpo; tptpypag; nghJ nkhopngah;g;Gg; gzp njhlq;fpaJ. cNuhikf; fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr;rig rhh;gpy; jkpo;ehL tptpypa Mizf;FOtpdUk; Vidaj; jpUr;rigfspd; rhh;gpy; tptpypar; rq;fq;fspd; gpujpepjpfSk; ,g;gzpiar; nra;jdh;. gy;NtW jpUr;rig kuGfisr; Nrh;e;j jkpo;> vNugpa> fpNuf;f nkhopfspy; Gyik ngw;w nkhopngah;g;ghsh;fs; gq;Fnfhz;lhh;fs;.

gioa Vw;ghL> vNukpa ghlkhd ‘gpgpypah vgpuhapf;fh’ E}iyAk; (Biblia, Hebriaca, Stuttgart Edition - Masoretic Text) Gjpa Vw;ghL> tptpypar; rq;fq;fspd; ,izaj;jpd; ntspaPlhd fpNuf;f Gjp Vw;ghl;L Y}ypd; %d;whk; gjpg;igAk; (The Greek New Testament, UBS, third editinon) rhh;e;J nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;ld.

njhd;ikAk; juKkhd %yg;ghlq;fisNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lhYk;> kuG nkhopngah;g;GfSf;F kjpg;gj; jUk; tifapy; rpy ,lq;fspy; fhyj;jhy; gpd;ida ghlq;fSk; ,lk;ngQfpd;wd. mit rJu milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; (.....) ,lg;gl;Ls;sd. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Kiwapy; nkhopngah;f;fj; jf;f nrhw;nwhlh;fs; tUkplj;J> khw;W nkhopngah;g;Gfs; milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; jug;gl;Ls;sd. %yr;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; njsptpy;yhjnghOJ> goq;fhy nkhopngah;g;Gfs;> ,iznkhopr;nrhw;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpAld; nkhopngah;g;G nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mt;tplj;J %yr;nrhy;ypd; nghUs; mbf;Fwpg;gpy; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. ePz;l Ma;Tf;Fwpg;gfSk; tpthjj;Jf;Fhpa nfhs;if tpsf;fq;fSk; mbf;Fwpg;Gfspy; jtph;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU E}ypYk; Kd;Diu> Jizj;jiyg;Gf;fs;> ,iztrdq;fs; Mfpait jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,it E}y;fisg;ghpe;J nfhs;s cjtpahf mikAk;.

,k;nkhopngah;g;gpy; ,ay;ghd> jukhd> vspa jkpo;nkhopeil ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. njspnghUs; nkhopngah;g;G Kiwf;F (Dynamic Equivalence) Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ. tof;fw;w nrhw;fSk;> jpirr; nrhw;fSk; ,ad;wtiu jtph;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ftpijg;gFjpfs; Kbe;jtiu ftpij eilapy; mikf;fg;ngw;whYk;> nghUs; njspNt ,d;wpaikahjjhff; fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fiyr; nrhw;fSk; ngah;r;nrhw;fSk; E}y; jiyg;GfSk; gy;NtW fye;JiuahlYf;Fg;gpd; Nky;kl;lf;FOtpd; (High Power Committee) xg;Gjy; ngw;Wf; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd. ngah;r;nrhw;fs; midj;Jk; xypngah;g;Ng (Transliteration) nra;ag;gl;ld. mit jkpopy; xypg;gjw;F vspikahd> ,ay;ghd ,Wjp tbtk; ngw;Ws;sd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gioa Vw;ghl;Lg; ngah;fs; Gjpa Vw;ghl;by; tUk;NghJ> gioaVw;ghl;L xyptbtj;ijNa ngWfpd;wd (gpyahk; | ghyhk;) . jw;fhy tof;fpYs;s ngah;fs; tptpypaj;jpy; Ntw;Wg;ngah;fshf ,Ue;jhYk; mit jw;fhy tbtpNyNa ifahsg;gl;Ls;sd (kp];uhapk; vfpg;J ). mt;thNw ePl;lysitfSf;Fk; epWj;jysitfSf;Fk; gy ,lq;fspy; jw;fhy tof;fpYs;s nkl;hpf; ,iz toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kuG fhuzkhf Kjy; Ie;J E}y;fs; fpNuf;f top jiyg;GfisAk;> kw;w vy;yh E}y;fSk; vgpNua top jiyg;GfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. midj;J E}y;fspd; trd vz;fs; cyfg; nghJ tof;F nkhopngah;g;Gfspd; (STANDARD VERSIONS) mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sd.

jkpopd; rpwg;Gg; gz;ghd khpahijg; gd;ikia (Honorific Plural) kdjpw;nfhz;L tptpypaj;jpy; ngUk;ghNyhh;f;Fk; khpahijg;gd;ik toq;fg;gLfpwJ. NehAw;Nwhh;> cly; CdKw;Nwhh;> nry;thf;fw;w gzpahsh;> ngz;bh; MfpNahiu kjpg;gpd;wp toq;Fk; Kiw jtph;f;fg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> FUlh; vd;Dk; nrhy; ghh;itaw;wth; vd;W khw;wk; ngWtNjhL> khpahijg; gd;ikAk; ngWfpwJ. ,iwj;jpl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhdtiuf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJk;> gopj;Jiuf;Fk; #oypYk;> neUq;fpa el;Gwit ntspg;gLj;Jk;NghJk; khpahijg;gd;ik jtph;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

,Ughyhh;f;Fk; nghJthd fUj;Jf;fs; %yE}ypy; Mz;ghy; tpFjp ngw;W te;jhYk; ,Ughyhh;f;fk; nghWe;Jk; Kiwapy; (Inclusive Language) nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,t;thW> %y nkhopapYk; jkpo; nkhopapYk; fhzg;gLk; gz;ghl;L Vw;wj;jho;T fisag;gLfpwJ.

,k;nkhopg;ngah;G gy fl;lq;fs; jhz;b te;Js;sJ. mbg;gil efy;fs; jahhpj;j nkhopngah;ghsh;> jpUj;jk; mspj;j ghprPyidf;FOtpdh;> khw;Wf;fUj;Jf;fs; toq;fpa MNyhridf;FOtpdh;> Nguhah;fSk; Mah;fSk; jiyth;fSk; mlq;fpa Nky;kl;lf; FOtpdh; MfpNahhpd; xj;Jiog;Gld; ,k;nkhopngah;g;G ,Wjp tbtk; ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; Kd;Ndhl;lg;gFjpfs; (Trial Editions) topahf Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhhpd; fUj;Jf;fs; tuNtw;f;fg;gl;L> jukhdit Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

J}a Mtpapd; Mw;wNyhLk; kpFe;j ciog;NghLk; ,iwNtz;lNyhLk;> fle;j ,Ugj;jpuz;L Mz;Lfshf jpUr;rigapd; fz;fhzpg;gpy;> Kg;gj;ije;J ,iwj;njhz;lh;fs; nra;j ,k;nkhopngah;g;ig> fpwp];jth;fs; midtUk; Mz;lth; ,NaR tpUk;Gk; xw;Wikia tsh;f;Fk; Nehf;fpy; gad;gLj;Jgth; vd ek;GfpNwhk;.

nghUs; Jy;ypak;> njspT> vspik> kf;fs; nkhopeil> kdpjNeak;> ,Ughy; rkj;JtNehf;F Mfpatw;iwf; fz;Kd;nfhz;L nra;ag;gl;l ,k;nkhopahf;fk; fpwp];jt rKjhak; kl;Lky;y> jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfk; KOtJk; ,iwAsj;ij mwpe;J nray;glj;J}z;Lk; vd ek;GfpNwhk;. jpUtptpypak; jpUr;rig topghLfspYk;> fUj;juq;FfspYk;> tptpypag;gs;spfspYk;> tPjpfspYk; gad;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,y;yq;fspYk; cs;sq;fspYk; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

,jd; %yk; ,iwahl;rp tUf! ,iwthf;F xsph;f!

Vg;uy; 1

Gdpj `pA+f; (1053 - 1132)

Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,iwtdJ MrPh; ,tUld; ,Ue;jJ. ,th; FUthf tpUk;gpdhh;. tyhd;]; efh; Nkw;wpuhrdf; Nfhtpypy; ,tUf;F xU Ntiy nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,th; jkJ Gz;zpaq;fspdhy; me;j Myaj;jpw;F Xh; Mguzk; Nghy; tpsq;fpdhh;. fh;jpdhy; ,tiu jk;kplk; mioj;J itj;Jf;nfhz;L Kf;fpakhd gy NtiyfSf;F ,tiu gad;gLj;jpaNjhL Mauhf epakpj;jhh;. mtuJ kiwkhtl;lk; kpfg; ghpjhg epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. mijr; rPh;jpUj;j KO%r;Rld; cioj;jhh;. ,tuJ Mh;tj;jhYk;> ciog;ghYk; kiwkhtl;lk; rPh;jpUe;jpaJ. ,U Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; ,th; jk; gjtpia tpl;L tpyfpdhh;. vd;whYk; ghg;ghdtuJ fl;lisf;F fPo;gbe;J gjtpiaj; jpUk;g Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; Gdpj GUNdh jk; MW Njhoh;fSld; cyfj;ijj; Jwf;f jPh;khdpj;J ,thplk; te;jdh;. ,th; mth;fSf;F ey;yNjhh; ,lj;ijf; fhz;gpj;J mq;F trpf;Fk;gb $wpdhh;. cyf gpurpf;jp ngw;w re;epahr rig xd;W mq;F Muk;gkhapw;W. 40 tUl fhyk; fbd tpahjpapy; f\;lg;gl;L jkJ 80-Mk; tajpy; ,we;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ fpwp];Jtpd; gpujpepjpahd ghg;ghdtUf;F fPo;gbtJ ekJ flik.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> midj;Jyf Mah;fSk;> FUf;fSk; ghg;ghdtUf;F fPo;gbe;J elg;ghh;fshf.

Vg;uy; 2

Gdpj gNthyh gpuhd;rp]; (1416 - 1507)

,th; gNthyh vd;Dk; rpw;W}hpy; gpwe;jhh;. ,tUila ngw;Nwhh; Viofs;> Gz;zpathd;fs;. ,th; rpWtdha; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Njtjha;kPJ mjpf gf;jp nfhz;bUe;jhh;. Fsph;fhyj;jpy; xUehs; jpwe;j ntspapy; Koe;jhspl;L njhg;gpapd;wp nrgkhiy nrgpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mtUila jha; mtiug;ghh;j;J "jiyapy; njhg;gp itj;Jf;nfhs;. ,y;yhtpby; [yNjh\k; gpbf;Fk;" vd;whs;. mth; jk; jhia Nehf;fp> "mk;kh>ehd; Xh; murpAld; Ngrpdhy; njhg;gp itj;Jf;nfhs;sr; nrhy;ykhl;Bh;fs;. ehd; ,g;nghOJ kpf J}a khpahSld; Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. jaT nra;J njhg;gp itf;f vd;id tw;GWj;j Ntz;lhk;" vd;W $wp nrgkhiy nrgpj;J Kbj;jhh;. xUehs; mtiu jk; Njhoh;fNshL Ngha; tpisahLk;gb jha; nrhd;dhs;. mth; "mk;kh ehd; tpisahl Ntz;Lnkd;W ePq;fs; cz;ikahfNt tpUk;gpdhy; fPo;gbNtd;> ehNdh nrgpf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;. flTis Nerpf;f mtUf;F Nrit nra;tNj rpwe;j Neug;Nghf;F" vd;whh;. ,th; xU re;epahr rigia njhlq;fpdhh;. "rpwpNahhpd; rig"vd;W mJ miof;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy; Nrh;e;jth;fs; kw;w re;epahr rigapdiu tpl jq;fis jho;e;jth;fshff; fUj Ntz;Lk;. gpuhd;rp]; jtj;ij Nerpj;jhh;. ,th; fd;ndQ;ruhd ghtpfis kde;jpUg;gpdhh;. nfhs;is Nehiaj; jLj;jhh;. cly;Neha;fis Fzg;gLj;jpdhh;. nrj;jth;fSf;F caph;nfhLj;jhh;. ghg;gurUf;F fPo;gbe;J gpuhd;]; ehl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W muriu ey;y kuzj;jpw;F jahhpj;jhh;. vl;lhtJ rhh;y]; murUk; gd;dpuz;lhtJ Y}ap]; murUk; nfQ;rpf; Nfl;likahy; 25 Mz;Lfshf ,th; gpuhd;]; ehl;by; tho;e;jhh;. %d;W khjq;fshf Vfhe;jj;jpy; jk;ik rhTf;Fj; jahhpj;J jdJ 91-k; tajpy; nghpa nts;spad;W ,we;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ "clNyhL nra;Ak; Nghhpy; ntw;wp ngw;Wj;ju ty;yik tha;e;j fUtp cgthrNk. ehk; jtk; nra;Nthkhdhy;> flTs; ek; ghtehl;lq;fis mlf;Fthh;. ek; Gj;jpia flTs; jk; gf;fkha; vOg;Gthh;. Gz;zpaj;jpy; ek;ik cWjpg;gLj;jp cah;e;j rd;khdk; mspg;ghh;."

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> kf;fs; midtUk; Gyd;fis mlf;fp Ms cjtp nra;Ak;.

Vg;uy; 3

Gdpj hpr;rh;l; (1197 - 1253)

Gdpjh;fs; gyiug; Nghy ,tUk; ,sikapypUe;Nj Gz;zpa tho;it ehbdhh;. gpwUf;F Nrit nra;tJ ,tUf;F Nguhde;jk;. ,th; fy;tp fw;Fk; NghNj cw;w ez;gh; ,tNuhL jt tho;T elj;jp te;jhh;. ,th; FUg;gl;lk; ngw;W Mauhdhh;. ,tUf;F mNef njhy;iyfs; Vw;gl;ld. rpwpJ mikjp Vw;gl;lJk;> kf;fis Gz;zpathd;fshf;Ftjpy; Kide;J epd;whh;. jpUr;rigapy; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; fhj;jhh;. Viofs; kPJ kpFe;j md;Gs;sth;. ,NaR tho;e;j Gz;zpa G+kpia kPl;Fk;gb xU Nghh; njhlq;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mijg;gw;wp Ch; Cuha;g;Ngha; gpurq;fpf;Fk;gb ghg;ghdth; ,tUf;F fl;lisapl;lhh;. me;j Ntiyiar; nra;Ak; NghNj ,th; ,we;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ flTs; nrhd;d nrhy; jtWtjpy;iy. Mh;tj;Jld; mtUf;F Nrit nra;Nthkhdhy; ekJ Njitfis mth; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> jpUr;rigapd; kPJk; cyfj;jpd; kPJk; ,uf;fkhapUk;.

Vg;uy; 4

Gdpj ,rpNjhh; (560 - 636)

,th; ];ngapd; ehl;by; gpwe;jhh;. ,th; ,sikapNyNa jpUr;rigapd; Nritf;F jk;ik ifaspj;jhh;. mjw;fhf jkJ Gz;zpa tho;thYk;> fy;tpahYk; jk;ikj; jahhpj;jhh;. Mhpa gjpjh;fis kde;jpUg;Gtjpy; ,th; Kide;J epd;whh;. gpd; ,th; Nguhah; Mdhh;. kiwkhtl;lj;jpy; Vuhskhd Ntiyfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; xU tpdhbiaAk; tPzhf;fhky; mNef Gj;jfq;fis vOjpdhh;. Kjph; gpuhaj;jpYk; ,th; kpfkpf cioj;J te;jhh;. ,th; Vuhskhf jh;kk; nra;thh;. jkJ tho;tpd; ,Wjp MW khjq;fspy; Kd;idtpl mjpf jh;kk; nra;thh;. rhT mz;ikapy; ,Ug;gij mwpe;j ,th; NfhtpYf;Fr; nrd;W jpt;tpa ew;fUiz cl;nfhz;lhh;. jk;kplk; fld;gl;bUe;jth;fis kd;dpj;jhh;. jk; gzj;ijnay;yhk; Vio vspatUf;F toq;f Vw;ghLfs; nra;jhh;. ehd;F ehl;fSf;Fg;gpd; mikjpahf ,we;jhh;.

rpe;jid @ Jd;gq;fs; cd;id jho;j;Jtjpy;iy. Mdhy; cah;j;Jfpd;wd. kdpjuhy; tUk; njhy;iyfs; cd;id mopg;gjpy;iy. Mdhy; cdf;Fg; Nghjpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j cyfpy; ekf;F mjpf njhy;iy Vw;gl;lhy;> kW cyf rd;khdj;ijg; gw;wp mjpf cWjp Vw;gLfpwJ. ePjpapdpkpj;jk; mjpf njhy;iyg;gl;lhy; kW cyfpy; mjpf kfpik fpilf;Fk;.

nrgk; @ Mz;ltNu> vy;yh kdpjh;fSk;> Neuj;ij ed;F gad;gLj;Jthh;fshf.

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